Semi-Private Room

Intensive Care Unit

Abdominal and pelvic CT scan with contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 74177]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans. The CT scan is then performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the abdomen and pelvis. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data which is then displayed on the monitor as two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the abdomen or pelvis. The physician reviews the data and images as they are obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail on areas of interest.

Abdominal ultrasound (complete) [HCPCS 76700]

A real time abdominal ultrasound is performed with image documentation. The patient is placed supine. Acoustic coupling gel is applied to the skin of the abdomen. The transducer is pressed firmly against the skin and swept back and forth over the abdomen and images obtained. The ultrasonic wave pulses directed at the abdomen are imaged by recording the ultrasound echoes. Any abnormalities are evaluated to identify characteristics that might provide a definitive diagnosis. The physician reviews the ultrasound images of the abdomen and provides a written interpretation.

Cataract removal involving removal of the front part of the capsule and the central part of the lens with lens prosthesis insertion [HCPCS 66984]

Colon (large bowel) examination and biopsy with endoscope [HCPCS 45380]

A flexible colonoscopy is performed with single or multiple biopsies. The colonoscope is inserted into the rectum and advanced through the colon to the cecum or a point within the terminal ileum, using air insufflation to separate the mucosal folds for better visualization. Mucosal surfaces of the colon are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The endoscope is then withdrawn and mucosal surfaces are again inspected for ulcerations, varices, bleeding sites, lesions, strictures, or other abnormalities. Any suspect site(s) to be biopsied is identified and biopsy forceps are placed through the biopsy channel in the endoscope. The forceps are opened, the tissue is spiked, and the forceps are closed. The biopsied tissue is then removed through the endoscope. One or more tissue samples may be obtained and are sent for separately reportable laboratory analysis.

Colon (large bowel) examination and polyps or tumors removal by snare technique with endoscope [HCPCS 45385]

A flexible colonoscopy is performed with removal of tumors, polyps, or other lesions by hot biopsy forceps or snare technique. The colonoscope is inserted into the rectum and advanced through the colon to the cecum or a point within the terminal ileum, using air insufflation to separate the mucosal folds for better visualization. Mucosal surfaces of the colon are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The tumor, polyp, or other lesion is identified. Hot biopsy method uses insulated monopolar forceps to remove and electrocoagulate (cauterize) tissue simultaneously. Hot biopsy forceps are used primarily for removal of small polyps and treatment of vascular ectasias. A wire snare loop is placed around the lesion. The loop is heated to shave off and cauterize the lesion. Lesions may be removed en bloc with one placement of the snare or in a piecemeal fashion which requires multiple applications of the snare. The endoscope is withdrawn and mucosal surfaces are again inspected for ulcerations, bleeding sites, lesions, strictures, or other abnormalities.

Colon (large bowel) examination with endoscope for diagnosis (high risk) [HCPCS 45378]

A flexible colonoscopy is performed with or without collection of specimens by brushing or washing. The colonoscope is inserted into the rectum and advanced through the colon to the cecum or a point within the terminal ileum, using air insufflation to separate the mucosal folds for better visualization. Mucosal surfaces of the colon are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The endoscope is then withdrawn as mucosal surfaces are again inspected for ulcerations, varices, bleeding sites, lesions, strictures, or other abnormalities. Cytology (cell) samples may be obtained using a brush introduced through the endoscope. Alternatively, sterile water may be introduced to wash the mucosal lining and the fluid aspirated to obtain cell samples. Cytology samples are sent for separately reportable laboratory analysis.

Esophagus, stomach, and/or upper small bowel examination and biopsy with endoscope [HCPCS 43239]

An upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic examination, also referred to as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is performed on the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and/or jejunum with biopsy(s). The mouth and throat are numbed using an anesthetic spray. A hollow mouthpiece is placed in the mouth. The flexible fiberoptic endoscope is then inserted and advanced as it is swallowed by the patient. Once the endoscope has been advanced beyond the cricopharyngeal region, it is guided using direct visualization. The esophagus is inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The endoscope is then advanced beyond the gastroesophageal junction into the stomach and the stomach is insufflated with air. The cardia, fundus, greater and lesser curvature, and antrum are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The tip of the endoscope is then advanced through the pylorus and into the duodenum and/or jejunum where mucosal surfaces are inspected for any abnormalities. Single or multiple samples of suspect tissue are taken through the scope. The endoscope is withdrawn and mucosal surfaces are again inspected for ulcerations, varices, bleeding sites, lesions, strictures, or other abnormalities.

Esophagus, stomach, and/or upper small bowel examination with endoscope for diagnosis [HCPCS 43235]

A diagnostic upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic examination is performed of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and/or jejunum with or without collection of specimens by brushing or washing. This procedure may also be referred to as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The mouth and throat are numbed using an anesthetic spray. A hollow mouthpiece is placed in the mouth. The flexible fiberoptic endoscope is then inserted and advanced as it is swallowed by the patient. Once the endoscope has been advanced beyond the cricopharyngeal region, it is guided using direct visualization. The esophagus is inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The endoscope is then advanced beyond the gastroesophageal junction into the stomach and the stomach is insufflated with air. The cardia, fundus, greater and lesser curvature, and antrum of the stomach are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The tip of the endoscope is then advanced through the pylorus and into the duodenum and/or jejunum. Mucosal surfaces of the duodenum and/or jejunum are inspected and any abnormalities are noted. The endoscope is then withdrawn and mucosal surfaces are again inspected for ulcerations, varices, bleeding sites, lesions, strictures, or other abnormalities. Cytology samples may be obtained by cell brushing or washing.

Gallbladder removal with an endoscope [HCPCS 47562]

The gallbladder is removed by laparoscopic technique. A small portal incision is made at the navel and a trocar is inserted. The scope and video camera are then inserted at this site. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide. Two to three additional abdominal portal incisions are made and trocars are inserted for placing surgical instruments. The gallbladder is identified. If the gallbladder is distended, a needle may be used to drain bile from the gallbladder. Grasper clamps are applied. The Hartmann's pouch is identified and retracted, exposing the triangle of Calot. The cystic artery and cystic duct are identified. The cystic duct is dissected free and transected. The cystic artery is dissected free, ligated, and doubly divided. Electrocautery is used to dissect the gallbladder off the liver bed. The gallbladder is placed in an extraction sac and removed from the abdomen through one of the small incisions.

Groin hernia repair for patient 5 years of age or older (herniated tissue that is not trapped) [HCPCS 49505]

An initial inguinal hernia repair is performed on a patient who is five years or older. An inguinal hernia is a condition where structures protrude through a weakness in the abdominal wall in the groin area. Incarcerated hernia tissue cannot be pushed back into its normal position. Strangulated hernias are those in which circulation is compromised. An incision is made over the internal ring. The skin, fat, and subcutaneous fascia are incised down to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. The external ring is identified and the external oblique aponeurosis is slit. The internal ring is opened and the inguinal canal is exposed. In males, the spermatic cord and its covering are mobilized and the covering is removed. The hernia sac is dissected free into the retroperitoneum, opened, and inspected for the presence of bowel or bladder wall. Any bowel or bladder content is reduced (pushed back into the abdominal cavity) and the hernia sac is transected and inverted into the abdominal cavity. A mesh plug may be placed to reinforce the repair. In women, the sac is inspected for the ovary. If the ovary is present, it is returned to the abdomen. The sac is then resected together with the round ligament. The internal ring is closed and the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is repaired.

Head or brain CT scan without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 70450]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the region being studied. In this study, CT scan of the head or brain is performed. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans after which the CT scan is performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the body region being examined. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data and renders the data in two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body region being examined. This data is displayed on a monitor. The physician reviews the data as it is being obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail of areas of interest.

Imaging of brain by MRI without contrast, followed by contrast [HCPCS 70553]

Magnetic resonance imaging is done on the brain. MRI is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms in the body. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which processes the signals and converts the data into tomographic, 3D images with very high resolution. MRI of the brain provides reliable information for diagnosing the presence, location, and extent of tumors, cysts, or other masses; swelling and infection; vascular disorders or malformations, such as aneurysms and intracranial hemorrhage; disease of the pituitary gland; stroke; developmental and structural anomalies of the brain; hydrocephalus; and chronic conditions and diseases affecting the central nervous system such as headaches and multiple sclerosis.

Imaging of leg joint by MRI without contrast [HCPCS 73721]

Magnetic resonance imaging is done on a joint of the upper or lower leg. Magnetic resonance is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms in the body. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which processes the signals and converts the data into tomographic, 3D images with very high resolution. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. Small coils that help transmit and receive the radiowaves may be placed around the joint. MRI scans on joints of the lower extremity are often done for injury, trauma, unexplained pain, redness, or swelling, and freezing of a joint with loss of motion. MRI scans provide clear images of areas that may be difficult to see on CT. The physician reviews the images to look for information that may correlate to the patient's signs or symptoms. MRI provides reliable information on the presence and extent of tumors, masses, or lesions within the joint; infection, inflammation, and swelling of soft tissue; muscle atrophy and other anomalous muscular development; and joint effusion and vascular necrosis.

Imaging of lower spinal canal by MRI without contrast [HCPCS 72148]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done on the lumbar spinal canal and contents. MRI is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of nuclei within hydrogen atoms of the body. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which records the images. The computer processes the signals and coverts the data into tomographic, 3D, sectional images in slices with very high resolution. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. MRI scans of the spine are often done when conservative treatment of back pain is unsuccessful and more aggressive treatments are considered or following surgery. The physician reviews the images to look for specific information that may correlate to the patient's symptoms, such as abnormal spinal alignment; disease or injury of vertebral bodies; intervertebral disc herniation, degeneration, or dehydration; the size of the spinal canal to accommodate the cord and nerve roots; pinched or inflamed nerves; or any changes since surgery.

Imaging of pelvis by ultrasound through vagina [HCPCS 76830]

A transvaginal ultrasound is performed to evaluate the non-pregnant uterus and other pelvic structures. Conditions that may be evaluated by transvaginal ultrasound include infertility, abnormal bleeding, unexplained pain, congenital anomalies of the ovaries and uterus, ovarian cysts and tumors, pelvic inflammatory disease, bladder abnormalities, and intrauterine device (IUD) location. The patient is asked to empty the bladder and then lies back with the feet in stirrups. A protective cover is placed over the transducer and acoustic coupling gel is applied. The transducer is inserted into the vagina. Images of the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding pelvic structures are obtained from different orientations of the transducer. The ultrasonic wave pulses directed at the pelvic structures are imaged by recording the ultrasound echoes. The uterus is examined and endometrial thickness is determined. The ovaries are examined and any ovarian masses are carefully evaluated. The bladder and other pelvic structures are examined and any abnormalities are noted. The physician reviews the transvaginal ultrasound images and provides a written interpretation.

Lab analysis of urine specimen by dipstick with microscope (automated) [HCPCS 81001]

A urinalysis is performed by dip stick or tablet reagent for bilirubin, glucose, hemoglobin, ketones, leukocytes, nitrite, pH, protein, specific gravity, and/or urobilinogen. Urinalysis can quickly screen for conditions that do not immediately produce symptoms such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, or urinary tract infection. A dip stick allows qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis using a paper or plastic stick with color strips for each agent being tested. The stick is dipped in the urine specimen and the color strips are then compared to a color chart to determine the presence or absence and/or a rough estimate of the concentration of each agent tested. Reagent tablets use an absorbent mat with a few drops of urine placed on the mat followed by a reagent tablet. A drop of distilled, deionized water is then placed on the tablet and the color change is observed. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells by the liver. Normally bilirubin is excreted through the bowel, but in patients with liver disease, bilirubin is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Glucose is a sugar that is normally filtered by the glomerulus and excreted only in small quantities in the urine. Excess sugar in the urine (glycosuria) is indicative of diabetes mellitus. The peroxidase activity of erythrocytes is used to detect hemoglobin in the urine which may be indicative of hematuria, myoglobinuria, or hemoglobinuria. Ketones in the urine are the result of diabetic ketoacidosis or calorie deprivation (starvation). A leukocyte esterase test identifies the presence of white blood cells in the urine. The presence of nitrites in the urine is indicative of bacteria. The pH identifies the acid-base levels in the urine. The presence of excessive amounts of protein (proteinuria) may be indicative of nephrotic syndrome. Specific gravity measures urine density and is indicative of the kidneys' ability to concentrate and dilute urine. Following dip stick or reagent testing, the urine sample may be examined under a microscope. The urine sample is placed in a test tube and centrifuged. The sediment is resuspended. A drop of the resuspended sediment is then placed on a glass slide, cover-slipped, and examined under a microscope for crystals, casts, squamous cells, blood (white, red) cells, and bacteria.

Lab analysis of urine specimen by dipstick without microscope (automated) [HCPCS 81003]

A urinalysis is performed by dip stick or tablet reagent for bilirubin, glucose, hemoglobin, ketones, leukocytes, nitrite, pH, protein, specific gravity, and/or urobilinogen. Urinalysis can quickly screen for conditions that do not immediately produce symptoms such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, or urinary tract infection. A dip stick allows qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis using a paper or plastic stick with color strips for each agent being tested. The stick is dipped in the urine specimen and the color strips are then compared to a color chart to determine the presence or absence and/or a rough estimate of the concentration of each agent tested. Reagent tablets use an absorbent mat with a few drops of urine placed on the mat followed by a reagent tablet. A drop of distilled, deionized water is then placed on the tablet and the color change is observed. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells by the liver. Normally bilirubin is excreted through the bowel, but in patients with liver disease, bilirubin is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Glucose is a sugar that is normally filtered by the glomerulus and excreted only in small quantities in the urine. Excess sugar in the urine (glycosuria) is indicative of diabetes mellitus. The peroxidase activity of erythrocytes is used to detect hemoglobin in the urine which may be indicative of hematuria, myoglobinuria, or hemoglobinuria. Ketones in the urine are the result of diabetic ketoacidosis or calorie deprivation (starvation). A leukocyte esterase test identifies the presence of white blood cells in the urine. The presence of nitrites in the urine is indicative of bacteria. The pH identifies the acid-base levels in the urine. The presence of excessive amounts of protein (proteinuria) may be indicative of nephrotic syndrome. Specific gravity measures urine density and is indicative of the kidneys' ability to concentrate and dilute urine. Following dip stick or reagent testing, the urine sample may be examined under a microscope. The urine sample is placed in a test tube and centrifuged. The sediment is resuspended. A drop of the resuspended sediment is then placed on a glass slide, cover-slipped, and examined under a microscope for crystals, casts, squamous cells, blood (white, red) cells, and bacteria.

Lab analysis to evaluate kidney function via a blood test panel [HCPCS 80069]

A renal panel is obtained for routine health screening and to monitor conditions such as diabetes, renal disease, liver disease, nutritional disorders, thyroid and parathyroid function, and interventional drug therapies. Tests in a renal panel include glucose or blood sugar; electrolytes and minerals as sodium, potassium, chloride, total calcium, and phosphorus; the waste products blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine; a protein called albumin; and bicarbonate (carbon dioxide, CO2) responsible for acid base balance. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body and is regulated by insulin. High levels may indicate diabetes or impaired kidney function. Sodium is found primarily outside cells and maintains water balance in the tissues, as well as nerve and muscle function. Potassium is primarily found inside cells and affects heart rhythm, cell metabolism, and muscle function. Chloride moves freely in and out of cells to regulate fluid levels and help maintain electrical neutrality. Calcium is needed to support metabolic processes, heart and nerve function, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Phosphorus is essential for energy production, nerve and muscle function, and bone growth. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are waste products from tissue breakdown that circulate in the blood and are filtered out by the kidneys. Albumin, a protein made by the liver, helps to nourish tissue and transport hormones, vitamins, drugs, and calcium throughout the body. Bicarbonate (HCO3) may also be referred to as carbon dioxide (CO2) maintains body pH or the acid/base balance. A specimen is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum/plasma is tested using quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay or quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Lab analysis to evaluate the clotting time in plasma specimen and monitor drug effectiveness [HCPCS 85610]

Prothrombin time (PT) measures how long it takes for blood to clot. Prothrombin, also called factor II, is one of the clotting factors made by the liver and adequate levels of vitamin K are needed for the liver to produce sufficient prothrombin. Prothrombin time is used to help identify the cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising; to check whether blood thinning medication, such as warfarin (Coumadin), is working; to check for low levels of blood clotting factors I, II, V, VII, and X; to check for low levels of vitamin K; to check liver function, to see how quickly the body is using up its clotting factors. The test is performed using electromagnetic mechanical clot detection. If prothrombin time is elevated and the patient is not on a blood thinning medication, a second prothrombin time using substitution plasma fractions, also referred to as a prothrombin time mixing study, may be performed. This is performed by mixing patient plasma with normal plasma using a 1:1 mix. The mixture is incubated and the clotting time is again measured. If the result does not correct, it may be indicative that the patient has an inhibitor, such as lupus anticoagulant. If the result does correct, the patient may have a coagulation factor deficiency.

Lab analysis to identify the thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) in blood specimen [HCPCS 84443]

A blood test is performed to determine levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH is produced in the pituitary and helps to regulate two other thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4), which in turn help regulate the body's metabolic processes. TSH levels are tested to determine whether the thyroid is functioning properly. Patients with symptoms of weight gain, tiredness, dry skin, constipation, or menstrual irregularities may have an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). Patients with symptoms of weight loss, rapid heart rate, nervousness, diarrhea, feeling of being too hot, or menstrual irregularities may have an overactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). TSH levels are also periodically tested in individuals on thyroid medications. The test is performed by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay.

Lab analysis to measure coagulation in plasma or whole blood specimen [HCPCS 85730]

This test may also be referred to as an activated PTT or aPTT. PTT may be performed to diagnose the cause of bleeding or as a screening test prior to surgery to rule-out coagulation defects. A silica and synthetic phospholipid PTT reagent is mixed with the patient plasma. The silica provides a negatively-charged particulate surface that activates the contact pathway for coagulation. Clot formation is initiated by adding calcium chloride to the mixture. Clotting time is measured photo-optically.

Lab analysis to measure complete blood cell count (red cells, white blood cell, and platelets), automated test [HCPCS 85027]

An automated complete blood count (CBC) is performed with or without automated differential white blood cell (WBC) count. A CBC is used as a screening test to evaluate overall health and symptoms such as fatigue, bruising, bleeding, and inflammation, or to help diagnose infection. A CBC includes measurement of hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count with or without differential, and platelet count. Hgb measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood. Hct refers to the volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a given volume of blood and is usually expressed as a percentage of total blood volume. RBC count is the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a specific volume of blood. WBC count is the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in a specific volume of blood. There are five types of WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. If a differential is performed, each of the five types is counted separately. Platelet count is the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. The CBC is performed with an automated blood cell counting instrument that can also be programmed to provide an automated WBC differential count.

Lab analysis to measure complete blood cell count (red cells, white blood cell, and platelets), automated test and automated differential white blood cell count [HCPCS 85025]

An automated complete blood count (CBC) is performed with or without automated differential white blood cell (WBC) count. A CBC is used as a screening test to evaluate overall health and symptoms such as fatigue, bruising, bleeding, and inflammation, or to help diagnose infection. A CBC includes measurement of hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count with or without differential, and platelet count. Hgb measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood. Hct refers to the volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a given volume of blood and is usually expressed as a percentage of total blood volume. RBC count is the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a specific volume of blood. WBC count is the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in a specific volume of blood. There are five types of WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. If a differential is performed, each of the five types is counted separately. Platelet count is the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. The CBC is performed with an automated blood cell counting instrument that can also be programmed to provide an automated WBC differential count.

Lab analysis to measure the amount of albumin, total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, alanine amino transferase, and asparate amino transferase in blood specimen to evaluate liver function [HCPCS 800

A hepatic function panel is obtained to diagnose acute and chronic liver disease, inflammation, or scarring and to monitor hepatic function while taking certain medications. Tests in a hepatic function panel should include albumin (ALB), total and direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT). Albumin (ALB) is a protein made by the liver that helps to nourish tissue and transport hormones, vitamins, drugs, and calcium throughout the body. Bilirubin, a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells, is removed by the liver in a conjugated state. Bilirubin is measured as total (all the bilirubin circulating in the blood) and direct (the conjugated amount only) to determine how well the liver is performing. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme produced by the liver and other organs of the body. In the liver, cells along the bile duct produce ALP. Blockage of these ducts can cause elevated levels of ALP, whereas cirrhosis, cancer, and toxic drugs will decrease ALP levels. Circulating blood proteins include albumin (60% of total) and globulins (40% of total). By measuring total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio can be determined and monitored. TP may decrease with malnutrition, congestive heart failure, hepatic disease, and renal disease and increase with inflammation and dehydration. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) is an enzyme produced primarily in the liver and kidneys. In healthy individuals ALT is normally low. ALT is released when the liver is damaged, especially with exposure to toxic substances such as drugs and alcohol. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) is an enzyme produced by the liver, heart, kidneys, and muscles. In healthy individuals AST is normally low. An AST/ALT ratio is often performed to determine if elevated levels are due to liver injury or damage to the heart or skeletal muscles. A specimen is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum/plasma is tested using quantitative enzymatic method or quantitative spectrophotometry.

Lab analysis to measure the amount of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in blood specimen [HCPCS 80061]

"A lipid panel is obtained to assess the risk for cardiovascular disease and to monitor appropriate treatment. Lipids are comprised of cholesterol, protein, and triglycerides. They are stored in cells and circulate in the blood. Lipids are important for cell health and as an energy source. A lipid panel should include a measurement of triglycerides and total serum cholesterol and then calculate to find the measurement of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C). HDL contains the highest ratio of cholesterol and is often referred to as ""good cholesterol"" because it is capable of transporting excess cholesterol in the blood to the liver for removal. LDL contains the highest ratio of protein and is considered ""bad cholesterol"" because it transports and deposits cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels. VLDL contains the highest ratio of triglycerides and high levels are also considered ""bad"" because it converts to LDL after depositing triglyceride molecules in the walls of blood vessels. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture or finger stick. Serum/plasma is tested using quantitative enzymatic method."

Lab analysis to measure the amount of total calcium, carbon dioxide (bicarbonate), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and urea nitrogen (BUN) in blood specimen [HCPCS 80048]

A basic metabolic blood panel is obtained that includes ionized calcium levels along with carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and urea nitrogen (BUN). A basic metabolic panel with measurement of ionized calcium may be used to screen for or monitor overall metabolic function or identify imbalances. Ionized or free calcium flows freely in the blood, is not attached to any proteins, and represents the amount of calcium available to support metabolic processes such as heart function, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. Total carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (CO2) level is composed of CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-), and carbonic acid (H2CO3) with the primary constituent being bicarbonate, a negatively charged electrolyte that works in conjunction with other electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and chloride, to maintain proper acid-base balance and electrical neutrality at the cellular level. Chloride is also a negatively charged electrolyte that helps regulate body fluid and maintain proper acid-base balance. Creatinine is a waste product excreted by the kidneys that is produced in the muscles while breaking down creatine, a compound used by the muscles to create energy. Blood levels of creatinine provide a good measurement of renal function. Glucose is a simple sugar and the main source of energy for the body, regulated by insulin. When more glucose is available than is required, it is stored in the liver as glycogen or stored in adipose tissue as fat. Glucose measurement determines whether the glucose/insulin metabolic process is functioning properly. Both potassium and sodium are positively charged electrolytes that work in conjunction with other electrolytes to regulate body fluid, stimulate muscle contraction, and maintain proper acid-base balance and both are essential for maintaining normal metabolic processes. Urea is a waste product produced in the liver by the breakdown of protein from a sequence of chemical reactions referred to as the urea or Krebs-Henseleit cycle. Urea is taken up by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Blood urea nitrogen, BUN, is a measure of renal function, and helps monitor renal disease and the effectiveness of dialysis.

Lab analysis to measure the amount of total PSA (prostate specific antigen) in serum specimen [HCPCS 84153]

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is measured. PSA is a protein produced by normal prostate cells found in serum and exists in both free form and complexed with other proteins. Total PSA is measured ad the total amount of both free and complexed forms. Total PSA levels are higher in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), acute bacterial prostatitis, or prostate cancer. Total PSA is used to screen for prostate cancer and evaluate the response to treatment in those with prostate cancer, but cannot be used by itself to definitively diagnose prostate cancer.

Lab analysis via blood test to measure a comprehensive group of blood chemicals [HCPCS 80053]

A comprehensive metabolic panel is obtained that includes albumin, bilirubin, total calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, potassium, total protein, sodium, alanine amino transferase (ALT) (SGPT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) (SGOT), and urea nitrogen (BUN). This test is used to evaluate electrolytes and fluid balance as well as liver and kidney function. It is also used to help rule out conditions such as diabetes. Tests related to electrolytes and fluid balance include: carbon dioxide, chloride, potassium, and sodium. Tests specific to liver function include: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, and total protein. Tests specific to kidney function include: BUN and creatinine. Calcium is needed to support metabolic processes such as heart function, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body and is regulated by insulin. Glucose measurement determines whether the glucose/insulin metabolic process is functioning properly.

Mammography of both breasts (screening exam) [HCPCS 77067]

Bilateral screening mammography is done with computer-aided lesion detection (CAD), when performed. Mammography is the radiographic imaging of the breast using low-dose ionizing radiation. The x-rays used in mammography have a longer wavelength than those typically used for bone imaging. A screening mammogram is done on asymptomatic women for early breast cancer detection when there are no known palpable masses. This is done on both breasts with two views taken on each side. The breast is compressed between planes on a machine dedicated strictly to mammography. This evens out the dense tissue and holds the breast still for a better quality image. Computer-aided detection uses algorithm analysis of the image data obtained from the mammographic films, with or without digitization of the radiographic images. The mammographic picture of the breast is used by scanning the x-ray film with a laser beam, usually converting the scanned image of the analog film into digital data for the computer first, then employing a methodical, step-by-step pattern of analyzing the data on video display for unusual or suspicious areas.

Mammography of both breasts for diagnosis [HCPCS 77066]

These codes report diagnostic mammography of one breast or both breasts with computer-aided lesion detection (CAD), when performed. Mammography is the radiographic imaging of the breast using low-dose ionizing radiation. The x-rays used in mammography have a longer wavelength that those typically used for bone imaging. The test is done to detect tumors or cysts in women who have symptoms of breast disease or a palpable mass. The breast is compressed between planes on a machine dedicated strictly to mammography. This evens out the dense tissue and holds the breast still for a better quality image. Computer-aided detection uses algorithm analysis of the image data obtained from the mammographic films, with or without digitization of the radiographic images. The mammographic picture of the breast is used by scanning the x-ray film with a laser beam, usually converting the scanned image of the analog film into digital data for the computer first, then employing a methodical, step-by-step pattern of analyzing the data on video display for unusual or suspicious areas.

Mammography of one breast for diagnosis [HCPCS 77065]

These codes report diagnostic mammography of one breast or both breasts with computer-aided lesion detection (CAD), when performed. Mammography is the radiographic imaging of the breast using low-dose ionizing radiation. The x-rays used in mammography have a longer wavelength that those typically used for bone imaging. The test is done to detect tumors or cysts in women who have symptoms of breast disease or a palpable mass. The breast is compressed between planes on a machine dedicated strictly to mammography. This evens out the dense tissue and holds the breast still for a better quality image. Computer-aided detection uses algorithm analysis of the image data obtained from the mammographic films, with or without digitization of the radiographic images. The mammographic picture of the breast is used by scanning the x-ray film with a laser beam, usually converting the scanned image of the analog film into digital data for the computer first, then employing a methodical, step-by-step pattern of analyzing the data on video display for unusual or suspicious areas.

Physical therapy exercise to develop strength, endurance, range of motion, and flexibility (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97110]

Therapeutic exercise is the application of careful, graduated force to the body to increase strength, endurance, range of motion, and flexibility. Increased muscle strength is achieved by the deliberate overloading of a targeted muscle or muscle group and improved endurance is achieved by raising the intensity of the strengthening exercise to the targeted area(s) over a prolonged period of time. To maintain range of motion (ROM) and flexibility requires the careful movement and stretching of contractile and non-contractile tissue that may tighten with injury or neurological disease, causing weakness and/or spasticity. Therapeutic exercise can increase blood flow to the targeted area, reduce pain and inflammation, reduce the risk of blood clots from venous stasis, decrease muscle atrophy and improve coordination and motor control. Therapeutic exercise may be prescribed following acute illness or injury and for chronic conditions that affect physical activity or function.

Recurring cataract removal in lens capsule by laser [HCPCS 66821]

Spinal x-ray of lower and sacral spine (minimum of 4 views) [HCPCS 72110]

A radiologic exam is done of the lumbosacral spine. Frontal, posteroanterior, and lateral views are the most common projections taken. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures.

Total Knee or Hip Replacement

Critical care delivery to critically ill or injured patient (first 30-74 minutes) [HCPCS 99291]

Critical care, evaluation and management of the critically ill or critically injured patient; first 30-74 minutes

Emergency department visit for minor problem [HCPCS 99281]

Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management of a patient, which requires these 3 key components: A problem focused history; A problem focused examination; and Straightforward medical decision making. Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family's needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are self limited or minor.

Emergency department visit for problem of high severity [HCPCS 99284]

Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management of a patient, which requires these 3 key components: A detailed history; A detailed examination; and Medical decision making of moderate complexity. Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family's needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of high severity, and require urgent evaluation by the physician or other qualified health care professionals but do not pose an immediate significant threat to life or physiologic function.

Emergency department visit for problem of low to moderate severity [HCPCS 99282]

Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management of a patient, which requires these 3 key components: An expanded problem focused history; An expanded problem focused examination; and Medical decision making of low complexity. Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family's needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of low to moderate severity.

Emergency department visit for problem of moderate severity [HCPCS 99283]

Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management of a patient, which requires these 3 key components: An expanded problem focused history; An expanded problem focused examination; and Medical decision making of moderate complexity. Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family's needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of moderate severity.

Emergency department visit for problem with significant threat to life [HCPCS 99285]

Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management of a patient, which requires these 3 key components within the constraints imposed by the urgency of the patient's clinical condition and/or mental status: A comprehensive history; A comprehensive examination; and Medical decision making of high complexity. Counseling and/or coordination of care with other physicians, other qualified health care professionals, or agencies are provided consistent with the nature of the problem(s) and the patient's and/or family's needs. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of high severity and pose an immediate significant threat to life or physiologic function.

Lab analysis by immunoassay (ELISA) to identify infectious organism antigen (multiple-step method, each organism) [HCPCS 87449]

Lab analysis by immunoassay to identify Strep (streptococcus) [HCPCS 87880]

A direct optical test to detect Streptococcus Group A (Strep A) by immunoassay is a rapid, qualitative test performed using lateral flow immunoassay. Strep A causes acute upper respiratory infection with the most common symptoms being pharyngitis (sore throat) and fever. If left untreated serious complications can occur including rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. This type of test is a rapid, qualitative test performed using lateral flow immunoassay. A throat swab is obtained. Two reagents are added to extract Strep A antigen from the specimen. A dipstick is added to the extracted sample. If Strep A antigen is present the test line and a control line will change color indicating a positive test. Another method uses a throat swab specimen inserted into a test cassette. Antigen extraction solutions are then mixed in a separate chamber of the tube and added to the swab chamber. If Strep A is present, a test line will change color as will a second control line.

Lab analysis by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) to identify antigen of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Covid-19) [HCPCS 87635]

Lab analysis by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) to identify multiple types of the influenza virus (first 2 types or sub-types) [HCPCS 87502]

Lab analysis of any culture (except blood) to identify aerobic isolates (each isolate) [HCPCS 87077]

Used if further testing is required from an anaerobic bacterial tissue culture in order to verify the results.

Lab analysis of blood culture to identify bacteria [HCPCS 87040]

A blood sample is drawn and placed in a medium conducive to the growth of bacteria. Any bacteria present in the blood sample will then reveal themselves.

Lab analysis of stool culture to identify bacteria [HCPCS 87045]

A stool sample is collected and placed in a medium conducive to the growth of bacteria. The culture is examined for the growth of Salmonella and Shigella bacteria.

Lab analysis to evaluate an antimicrobial drug (antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral) by microdilution or agar dilution (each multi-antimicrobial, per plate) [HCPCS 87186]

A study is performed to determine the effectiveness of a specific antibiotic agent to a specific bacteria. The test is performed in an agar solution.

Lab analysis to measure blood glucose (sugar) level with hand-held instrument [HCPCS 82962]

A portable testing device called a glucometer is used at the patient's home or a physician's office to monitor glucose levels in the the blood. Glucose is a monosaccharide (single sugar) used for energy by the body. Certain diseases, such as diabetes, and medications may cause glucose levels to be abnormally high or low. A blood sample is obtained by fingerstick and placed on a test strip. Most commercial glucometers use a chemically treated test strip that produces a small electric current when blood is introduced. The strength of the electrical charge is dependent on the level of glucose in the sample. The glucose level is displayed on the monitoring device in a numeric measurement as mg/dL. This code is only reported when the physician or other healthcare professional uses this type of device in the office or other setting to check glucose levels, not when the patient self-administers the test.

Lab analysis to measure free thyroxine (thyroid chemical) in serum specimen [HCPCS 84439]

A blood sample is obtained and levels of total thyroxin, thyroxine requiring elution as for testing in neonates or free thyroxine are evaluated. Thyroxine, also referred to as T4, is tested to determine whether the thyroid is functioning properly and is used to aid in the diagnosis of overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid function. In free thyroxine levels are tested. Free thyroxine is the amount of active thyroxine in the blood. Free thyroxine levels are considered to be a more accurate indicator of thyroid function. All thyroxine tests use electrochemiluminescent immunoassay methodology.

Lab analysis to measure the amount of glucose (sugar) in blood specimen with reagent strip [HCPCS 82948]

Lab analysis to measure the amount of troponin (protein) in serum specimen [HCPCS 84484]

A blood test is performed to measure troponin levels. Troponins are regulatory proteins that facilitate contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle by forming calcium bonds. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin to form a complex. Troponin I binds to actin and holds the Troponin T-tropomyosin complex together. Elevation of troponins, coupled with cardiac symptoms such as chest pain are considered diagnostic for cardiac injury. This test is commonly ordered in the Emergency Department when a patient presents with possible myocardial infarction, and is then repeated at 6 hour intervals. It may be ordered with other tests that assess cardiac biomarkers such as CK, CK-MB, and myoglobin. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum/plasma is tested for Troponin T using quantitative electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Serum is tested for Troponin I using chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Lab analysis to measure the amylase (enzyme) level in serum specimen [HCPCS 82150]

Laboratory testing for amylase may be performed on blood, urine, and other body fluids. Amylase is an enzyme responsible for the break down of starches into sugar molecules (disaccharides and trisaccharides) and eventually into glucose for energy use by the cells. Amylase is produced in saliva and the pancreas. Abnormal amylase levels may result from pancreatic inflammation or trauma, perforated peptic ulcer, ovarian cyst (torsion), strangulation ileus, macroamylasemia, mumps, and cystic fibrosis. A blood or body fluid sample is obtained. The sample is then tested using quantitative enzymatic methodology.

Lab analysis to measure the creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme) level (MB fraction only) [HCPCS 82553]

Creatine kinase (CK) also known as, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle and certain other tissue. The subtypes are known as CK-MM found primarily in skeletal and heart muscle, CK-MB found in heart muscle and CK-BB located in the brain. CK circulating in blood rarely contains CK-BB but is largely comprised of CK-MM or CK-MB. Levels may be elevated following heart muscle damage (heart attack/myocardial infarction) and skeletal muscle injury (trauma, vigorous exercise). Statin drugs that lower cholesterol level and alcohol intake may cause elevated CK blood levels. Only creatine kinase (CK) MB fraction is measured. Testing for this isoenzyme can help identify heart muscle damage following a heart attack (myocardial infarction). A blood test is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum is tested using chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Lab analysis to measure the creatinine level in blood specimen to test for kidney function or muscle injury [HCPCS 82565]

A blood sample is taken to measure creatinine levels. Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles in the breakdown of creatine, which is a compound used by the muscles to create energy for contraction. The waste product, creatinine, is excreted by the kidneys and blood levels provide a good measurement of renal function. Creatinine may be checked to screen for or monitor treatment of renal disease. Creatinine levels may also be monitored in patients with acute or chronic illnesses that may impair renal function and in patients on medications that affect renal function. Creatinine is measured using spectrophotometry.

Lab analysis to measure the direct bilirubin level [HCPCS 82248]

A laboratory test is performed to measure total or direct bilirubin. Bilirubin is a pigmented waste product normally produced when red blood cells (RBCs) break down. Non-water soluble (unconjugated) bilirubin is carried on albumin to the liver where it attaches to sugar molecules to become conjugated. Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is water soluble and able to pass from the liver to the small intestine. Further breakdown of bilirubin occurs in the small intestine and it is eventually eliminated in the feces in the form of stercobilin. Total bilirubin is the sum of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated bilirubin. A test for either conjugated or direct bilirubin or total bilirubin may be ordered to diagnose and monitor liver disorders, hemolytic anemia, and newborn (physiologic) jaundice. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture or heel stick. Other body fluids, including cerebral spinal fluid, may be collected and tested for total bilirubin. Serum/plasma is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry.

Lab analysis to measure the ferritin (blood protein) level [HCPCS 82728]

A blood test is performed to measure ferritin levels. Ferritin is an intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it into circulation in a controlled manner to protect the body against iron overload and iron deficiency. Ferritin levels may be obtained to evaluate for elevated levels caused by excess storage diseases such as hemochromatosis and following multiple transfusions. Levels may also be obtained to evaluate for decreased levels due to iron deficiency. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum is tested using quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Lab analysis to measure the iron binding capacity [HCPCS 83550]

A blood test is performed to measure the iron binding capacity of transferrin. Transferrin, a protein found in circulating blood is responsible for carrying iron molecules. This test measures the ability of transferrin to carry iron. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum or plasma is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry/calculation.

Lab analysis to measure the iron level [HCPCS 83540]

A blood, urine or liver test is performed to measure iron levels. Iron (Fe) is an essential element that circulates in the blood attached to the protein transferrin. Iron is necessary component of hemoglobin, found in red blood cells (RBCs) and myoglobin found in muscle cells. Low iron levels may cause a decrease in red blood cells and iron deficiency anemia. High iron levels may be caused by excessive intake of iron supplements or a hereditary genetic condition such as hemochromatosis from a mutation of the RGMc gene or HAMP gene. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum or plasma is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry. A random voided or 24 hour urine specimen is obtained and tested using quantitative inductively coupled plasma/emission spectrometry. Patient should wait 2-4 days after receiving iodine or gadolinium contrast media to collect a urine specimen. A liver sample is obtained by a separately reportable procedure. Liver tissue is tested using quantitative inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Lab analysis to measure the lipase (fat enzyme) level [HCPCS 83690]

A test is performed on blood and body fluids to measure lipase levels. Lipase is an enzyme released by the pancreas into the small intestine and is essential for the digestion of dietary fats. Elevated levels may result from small bowel obstruction, celiac disease, cholecystitis, duodenal ulcer, severe gastroenteritis, macrolipasemia, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors. The test may be ordered when there is a family history of lipoprotein lipase deficiency. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Other body fluids collected by other methods. Blood and other body fluids are tested using quantitative enzymatic methodology.

Lab analysis to measure the magnesium level in body fluids and cells [HCPCS 83735]

A blood, urine, or fecal test is performed to measure magnesium levels. Magnesium is an essential dietary mineral responsible for enzyme function, energy production, and contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers. Decreased levels may result from severe burns, metabolic disorders, certain medications, and low blood calcium levels. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Red blood cells (RBCs) are tested using quantitative inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Serum/plasma is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry. A 24-hour voided urine specimen is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry. A random or 24-hour fecal sample is tested using quantitative spectrophotometry.

Lab analysis to measure the natriuretic peptide (heart and blood vessel protein) level in plasma specimen [HCPCS 83880]

The level of the natriuretic peptide in the blood is measured to evaluate heart failure and to differentiate symptoms that might be indicative of heart failure from other disorders that cause similar symptoms. A separately reportable venipuncture is performed and whole blood or plasma collected using EDTA as an anticoagulant. An automated immunoassay is performed using murine monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against natriuretic peptide. The antibodies are labeled with a fluorescent dye and immobilized on the solid phase. The specimen is placed in the sample chamber and the analysis is run. The physician reviews the results and uses them to make diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Lab analysis to measure the parathormone (parathyroid hormone) level [HCPCS 83970]

A blood or tissue test is performed to measure parathormone (parathyroid hormone, parathyrin) levels. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by chief cells in the parathyroid gland. The hormone helps to regulate blood calcium levels, absorption/excretion of phosphate by the kidneys and in Vitamin D synthesis in the body. Elevated levels (hyperparathyroidism) may be caused by parathyroid gland tumors or chronic renal failure. Decreased levels (hypoparathyroidism) may result from inadvertent removal (during thyroid gland surgery), autoimmune disorders or genetic inborn errors of metabolism. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Parathyroid gland tissue is obtained by separately reportable fine needle aspirate. Serum/plasma or tissue sample are tested using quantitative electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Plasma is tested for parathyroid hormone, CAP (Cyclase Activating Parathyroid Hormone) using immunoradiometric assay.

Lab analysis to measure the total creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme) level in blood specimen [HCPCS 82550]

Creatine kinase (CK) also known as, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle and certain other tissue. The subtypes are known as CK-MM found primarily in skeletal and heart muscle, CK-MB found in heart muscle and CK-BB located in the brain. CK circulating in blood rarely contains CK-BB but is largely comprised of CK-MM or CK-MB. Levels may be elevated following heart muscle damage (heart attack/myocardial infarction) and skeletal muscle injury (trauma, vigorous exercise). Statin drugs that lower cholesterol level and alcohol intake may cause elevated CK blood levels. A blood test is performed to measure total creatine kinase (CK) levels. A blood specimen is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum or plasma is tested using quantitative enzymatic methodology.

Lab analysis to measure the vitamin D-3 level in serum or plasma specimen [HCPCS 82306]

Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are used to primarily to determine whether a deficiency of Vitamin D or abnormal metabolism of calcium is the cause of bone weakness or malformation. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that is absorbed from the intestine like fat, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are also evaluated in individuals with conditions or diseases that interfere with fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, or in patients who have undergone gastric bypass surgery. A blood sample is obtained. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 are evaluated using chemiluminescent immunoassay. The test results may be the sum of Vitamin D3 and D2 or the results may include fractions of D3 and D2 as well as the sum of these values.

Lab analysis to measure total testosterone (hormone) level in serum specimen [HCPCS 84403]

A urine test is performed to measure total testosterone level. Testosterone is an androgen hormone secreted in the testes of men, ovaries of women, and the adrenal glands of both sexes. Testosterone helps promote protein synthesis and supports the growth of cells and tissue. This test is often performed in conjunction with sex hormone binding globulin. A blood sample is obtained by separately reportable venipuncture. Serum/plasma of adult males is tested using quantitative electrochemiluminescent immunoassay with the value derived from a mathematical expression using sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Serum/plasma of adult males may also be tested using quantitative equilibrium dialysis/high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Serum/plasma of children and adult females is tested using quantitative high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/electrochemiluminescent immunoassay with the value also derived from a mathematical expression using sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).

Lab blood analysis to confirm blood unit compatibility by immediate spin technique [HCPCS 86920]

A laboratory test is performed to determine the donor-recipient compatibility of a unit of blood. Compatibility testing may also be referred to as cross matching (CM). Immediate spin technique (ISCM) mixes recipient plasma or serum with donor red cells, centrifuges them immediately, and observes any hemolysis and/or agglutination. ISCM will not detect all ABO incompatibilities; however, a negative result indicates the blood of the donor and recipient are compatible and the unit may be transfused.

Lab blood analysis to identify antigens on red blood cell surface and determine the patient's blood group type (ABO) [HCPCS 86900]

A blood specimen is tested to determine blood type (ABO) or Rh(D). Blood is grouped using an ABO blood typing system which identifies four blood types: type A, B, AB, or O. The blood sample is mixed with antibodies against Type A and B blood and then checked to determine if the blood cells agglutinate, or stick together. Type A blood has anti-B antibodies; type B blood has anti-A antibodies; type O blood has antibodies to both A and B; and type AB blood does not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Type A blood agglutinates when type B antibodies are introduced. Type B blood agglutinates when type A antibodies are introduced. Type O blood agglutinates when type A or B antibodies are introduced. Type AB blood does not agglutinate when type A or B antibodies are introduced. The blood is then back typed. Blood serum is mixed with blood that is known to be type A or B.

Lab blood analysis to identify antigens on red blood cell surface and determine the patient's Rh (D) type (Rh positive or Rh negative) [HCPCS 86901]

A blood specimen is tested to determine blood type (ABO) or Rh(D). In Rh(D), blood is tested for Rh factor, which is an antigen on red blood cells. Blood is Rh+ if the antigen is present or Rh- if the antigen is absent. Blood is tested by mixing the blood sample with antibodies against Rh factor and then checking for agglutination. If agglutination occurs, the blood is Rh+. If the blood does not agglutinate, it is Rh-.

Lab blood analysis to screen for antibodies to red blood cell antigens (each serum technique) [HCPCS 86850]

A blood sample is tested for antibodies directed against red blood cell (RBC) antigens other than A and B antigens. This test may also be referred to as an indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). This test is performed as part of a blood typing and screening test when it is anticipated that a blood transfusion might be required. If an antibody is detected, then separately reportable antibody identification is performed to identify the specific antibodies present. The test may be performed using IAT methodology or another serum technique such as solid phase. If multiple serum techniques are used, each reported separately.

Pathology lab analysis of special stained specimen slides to examine tissue (each additional procedure) [HCPCS 88341]

Pathology lab analysis of special stained specimen slides to examine tissue (initial procedure) [HCPCS 88342]

Immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry identifies a certain antigen by using an antibody specific to that antigen when examining cells contained in a specimen such as a tissue block, brushed cell samples, blood smear, or fine needle biopsy (FNB). The specimen is prepped for histological or cytological examination on a glass slide that has been fixed with a commercially available antibody. Enzymes and/or special stains are then applied to the specimen slide. The characteristic changes to the cells in the sample can help determine the antigenic profile of morphologically undifferentiated cells, and aid in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms. The prepped slide specimen may be used to identify a single antibody or multiple antibodies.

Platelet pheres leukoreduced [HCPCS P9035]

Rbc leukocytes reduced [HCPCS P9016]

Red blood cells, leukocytes reduced, each unit

Unlisted lab analysis by immunoassay for identification of organism [HCPCS 87899]

Chemotherapy administration beneath the skin or into muscle (hormonal, anti-cancer) [HCPCS 96402]

Chemotherapy administration beneath the skin or into muscle (non-hormonal, anti-cancer) [HCPCS 96401]

Chemotherapy administration into vein by infusion (each additional hour) [HCPCS 96415]

Chemotherapy administration into vein by push technique (single drug) [HCPCS 96409]

Drug administration beneath the skin or into muscle by injection for therapy, diagnosis, or prevention [HCPCS 96372]

A subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of a therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic substance or drug is given. A subcutaneous injection is administered just under the skin in the fatty tissue of the abdomen, upper arm, upper leg, or buttocks. The skin is cleansed. A two-inch fold of skin is pinched between the thumb and forefinger. The needle is inserted completely under the skin at a 45 to 90 degree angle using a quick, sharp thrust. The plunger is retracted to check for blood. If blood is present, a new site is selected. If no blood is present, the medication is injected slowly into the tissue. The needle is withdrawn and mild pressure is applied. An intramuscular injection is administered in a similar fashion deep into muscle tissue, differing only in the sites of administration and the angle of needle insertion. Common sites include the gluteal muscles of the buttocks, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh, or the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. The angle of insertion is 90 degrees. Intramuscular administration provides rapid systemic absorption and can be used for administration of relatively large doses of medication.

Drug administration into vein by infusion for therapy, prevention, or diagnosis (each additional hour) [HCPCS 96366]

Intravenous infusion, for therapy, prophylaxis, or diagnosis (specify substance or drug); each additional hour (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)

Drug administration into vein by infusion for therapy, prevention, or diagnosis (up to 1 hour) [HCPCS 96365]

An intravenous infusion of a specified substance or drug is administered for therapy, prophylaxis, or diagnosis. An intravenous line is placed into a vein, usually in the arm, and the specified substance or drug is administered. The physician provides direct supervision of the administration and is immediately available to intervene should complications arise. The physician provides periodic assessments of the patient and documentation of the patient's response to treatment.

Drug administration into vein by infusion of additional sequential infusion of new drug for therapy, prevention, or diagnosis (up to 1 hour) [HCPCS 96367]

An intravenous infusion of a specified substance or drug is administered for therapy, prophylaxis, or diagnosis. An intravenous line is placed into a vein, usually in the arm, and the specified substance or drug is administered. The physician provides direct supervision of the administration and is immediately available to intervene should complications arise. The physician provides periodic assessments of the patient and documentation of the patient's response to treatment.

Heart and lungs restart (attempt) [HCPCS 92950]

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a manual attempt at restarting a patient's heart and lungs when cardiopulmonary arrest occurs. Typically led by a health care provided certified in CPR, the lungs are filled with air by holding the nose and breathing through the mouth or performed with a ventilating bag. Chest compressions are also performed at intervals, alternating with the air in the lungs. A defibrillator may be used to shock the heart into starting.

Hydration administration into vein by infusion (31 minutes to 1 hour) [HCPCS 96360]

An intravenous infusion is administered for hydration. An intravenous line is placed into a vein, usually in the arm, and fluid is administered to provide additional fluid levels and electrolytes to counteract the effects of dehydration or supplement deficient oral fluid intake. The physician provides direct supervision of the fluid administration and is immediately available to intervene should complications arise. The physician provides periodic assessments of the patient and documentation of the patient's response to treatment.

Hydration administration into vein by infusion (each additional hour) [HCPCS 96361]

An intravenous infusion is administered for hydration. An intravenous line is placed into a vein, usually in the arm, and fluid is administered to provide additional fluid levels and electrolytes to counteract the effects of dehydration or supplement deficient oral fluid intake. The physician provides direct supervision of the fluid administration and is immediately available to intervene should complications arise. The physician provides periodic assessments of the patient and documentation of the patient's response to treatment. Use 96360 for the initial 31 minutes to one hour of hydration. Use 96361 for each additional hour.

Immunization administration of vaccine into, between, or beneath the skin or into muscle (single vaccine) [HCPCS 90471]

A single vaccine or a combination vaccine/toxoid is administered by injection to a patient over age 18 with or without a face-to-face encounter with the physician or other health care professional. These codes are also used when a vaccine/toxoid is given to a patient age 18 or younger without any face-to-face counseling by the physician or other health care professional. Routes of administration include percutaneous, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular.

Mechanical traction application to 1 or more areas [HCPCS 97012]

Medication application by electic current through skin (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97033]

Oxygen saturation measurement in blood by ear or finger device (continuous overnight monitoring) [HCPCS 94762]

Physical performance test or measurement with report (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97750]

Physician services for outpatient heart rehab with continuous EKG monitoring (per session) [HCPCS 93798]

Thought processing testing, interpretation, and report (standardized test, per hour) [HCPCS 96125]

Voice and resonance bhavioral and qualitative analysis [HCPCS 92524]

Whole blood removal by needle to correct blood level imbalance [HCPCS 99195]

Hospital observation per hr [HCPCS G0378]

Hospital observation service, per hour

Non-covered item or service [HCPCS A9270]

Oth resp proc, group [HCPCS G0239]

Telehealth facility fee [HCPCS Q3014]

Admin influenza virus vac [HCPCS G0008]

Administration of influenza virus vaccine

Alteplase recombinant [HCPCS J2997]

Amiodarone hcl [HCPCS J0282]

Cefoxitin sodium injection [HCPCS J0694]

Chemotherapy administration into vein by infusion (up to 1 hour, single drug) [HCPCS 96413]

An intravenous infusion of a chemotherapy substance or drug is administered for treatment of a malignant neoplasm. An intravenous line is placed into a vein, usually in the arm, and the specified chemotherapy agent is administered. The physician provides direct supervision of the administration of the chemotherapy agent and is immediately available to intervene should complications arise. The physician provides periodic assessments of the patient and documentation of the patient's response to treatment.

Diazepam injection [HCPCS J3360]

Drug administration into vein by push technique for therapy, diagnosis, or prevention (each additional push of new drug) [HCPCS 96375]

A therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic injection is administered by intravenous push (IVP) technique. The specified substance or drug is injected using a syringe directly into an injection site of an existing intravenous line or intermittent infusion set (saline lock). The injection is given over a short period of time, usually less than 15 minutes.

Drug administration into vein by push technique for therapy, diagnosis, or prevention (initial drug) [HCPCS 96374]

A therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic injection is administered by intravenous push (IVP) technique. The specified substance or drug is injected using a syringe directly into an injection site of an existing intravenous line or intermittent infusion set (saline lock). The injection is given over a short period of time, usually less than 15 minutes.

Ertapenem injection [HCPCS J1335]

Furosemide injection [HCPCS J1940]

Injection, furosemide, up to 20 mg

Hydralazine hcl injection [HCPCS J0360]

Injection, hydralazine hcl, up to 20 mg

Inj enoxaparin sodium [HCPCS J1650]

Injection, enoxaparin sodium, 10 mg

Inj magnesium sulfate [HCPCS J3475]

Injection, magnesium sulfate, per 500 mg

Ketorolac tromethamine inj [HCPCS J1885]

Injection, ketorolac tromethamine, per 15 mg

Lidocaine injection [HCPCS J2001]

Methylprednisolone injection [HCPCS J2920]

Methylprednisolone injection [HCPCS J2930]

Injection, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, up to 125 mg

Piperacillin/tazobactam [HCPCS J2543]

Injection, piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium, 1 gram/0.125 grams (1.125 grams)

Prochlorperazine injection [HCPCS J0780]

Sincalide injection [HCPCS J2805]

Tetanus, diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine for injection into muscle (7 years of age or older) [HCPCS 90715]

Toxoids provide long lasting immunity by stimulating the body's own defense system to make antibodies that destroy specific toxins produced by bacteria. Vaccines also provide active, long-term immunity by exposing the recipient's immune system to altered versions of specific viruses or bacteria that induce the immune system to produce its own antibodies against the invading micro-organism. The body then remembers how to make antibodies when exposed to these same agents again. The toxoid vaccine is an inactivated poison, called a toxin, produced by culturing the bacteria in a liquid medium, then purifying and inactivating the poison produced by the bacteria. Since toxoids are not a live vaccine, booster doses are recommended because immunity will decline over time. These tetanus toxoid combinations are formulations for adults and those over 7 years of age, given by intramuscular injection.

Triamcinolone acet inj nos [HCPCS J3301]

Vancomycin hcl injection [HCPCS J3370]

Injection, vancomycin hcl, 500 mg

Zoledronic acid 1mg [HCPCS J3489]

Elec stim other than wound [HCPCS G0283]

Electrical stimulation (unattended), to one or more areas for indication(s) other than wound care, as part of a therapy plan of care

Electrical stimulation application to 1 or more areas (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97032]

Electrical stimulation involves the use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device (TENS), functional electrical stimulation device (FES), or a neuromuscular electrical stimulation device (NMES). The physical therapist or other physical therapy aid places the electrodes of the selected device over the region to be stimulated. The electrical impulse is set to the desired strength and the control unit is turned on. Electrical impulses are transmitted to the skin. The electrical stimulation device causes the muscles to contract. The muscle contraction stimulates both muscle and nerve tissues to relieve pain and promote healing. Electrical stimulation may be provided as a supervised modality that does not require direct (one-on-one) patient contact or it may be provided under constant attendance with direct (one-on-one) patient contact.

Occupational therapy evaluation (typically 45 minutes) [HCPCS 97166]

An occupational therapy evaluation or re-evaluation is performed. Occupational therapy assists the patient in developing or regaining skills that allow independent functioning and enhance health and personal well-being. A patient history is taken that includes an occupational profile and medical and therapy history with review of records as well as an extensive review of physical, cognitive, or psychosocial elements related to current performance of daily activities. The occupational therapist evaluates the patient's physical functioning, mental, and/or neurobehavioral impairment and performs tests to identify functional limitations or performance deficits. Physical functioning is evaluated, including an evaluation of any musculoskeletal conditions that may impair function. The ability to perform basic activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing, mobility, and other activities for living independently, such as shopping, cooking, driving, or accessing public transportation are all assessed. Barriers in the home, school, work, and community environments are identified. The need for adaptive equipment is assessed. The occupational therapist develops a treatment plan using clinical decision making from the patient analysis, assessment data, comorbidities, and possible treatment options. During a re-evaluation, an interim history is taken; the patient's response to treatment is evaluated; and the plan of care is revised based on the patient's response to treatment, functional and medical status, and any changes in condition or environment that affect future interventions or goals.

Occupational therapy re-evaluation with established plan of care (typically 30 minutes) [HCPCS 97168]

An occupational therapy evaluation or re-evaluation is performed. Occupational therapy assists the patient in developing or regaining skills that allow independent functioning and enhance health and personal well-being. A patient history is taken that includes an occupational profile and medical and therapy history with review of records as well as an extensive review of physical, cognitive, or psychosocial elements related to current performance of daily activities. The occupational therapist evaluates the patient's physical functioning, mental, and/or neurobehavioral impairment and performs tests to identify functional limitations or performance deficits. Physical functioning is evaluated, including an evaluation of any musculoskeletal conditions that may impair function. The ability to perform basic activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing, mobility, and other activities for living independently, such as shopping, cooking, driving, or accessing public transportation are all assessed. Barriers in the home, school, work, and community environments are identified. The need for adaptive equipment is assessed. The occupational therapist develops a treatment plan using clinical decision making from the patient analysis, assessment data, comorbidities, and possible treatment options. During a re-evaluation, an interim history is taken; the patient's response to treatment is evaluated; and the plan of care is revised based on the patient's response to treatment, functional and medical status, and any changes in condition or environment that affect future interventions or goals.

Physical therapy evaluation (typically 20 minutes) [HCPCS 97161]

A physical therapy evaluation or re-evaluation is performed. The physical therapist takes a history of the current complaint including onset of symptoms, comorbidities, changes since the onset, treatment received for the symptoms or condition, medications prescribed for it, and any other medications the patient is taking. A physical examination of body systems is done to assess physical structure and function, any activities or movements that exacerbate the symptoms, limit activity, or restrict participation in movement, as well as anything that helps to relieve the symptoms. The evaluation may involve provocative maneuvers or positions that increase symptoms; tests for joint flexibility and muscle strength; assessments of general mobility, posture, and core strength; evaluation of muscle tone; and tests for restrictions of movement caused by myofascial disorders. Following the history and physical, the therapist determines the patient's clinical presentation characteristics, provides a detailed explanation of the condition, identifies physical therapy treatment options, and explains how often and how long physical therapy modalities should be applied. The physical therapist will then develop a plan of care with clinical decision making based on patient assessment and/or measurable functional outcome. The plan of care may include both physical therapy in the clinic and exercises or changes in the home environment. Upon re-evaluation, the established care plan is reviewed and an interim history is taken requiring the use of standardized tests and measures. The patient's response to treatment is evaluated and the plan of care is revised based on the patient's measurable response.

Physical therapy evaluation (typically 30 minutes) [HCPCS 97162]

A physical therapy evaluation or re-evaluation is performed. The physical therapist takes a history of the current complaint including onset of symptoms, comorbidities, changes since the onset, treatment received for the symptoms or condition, medications prescribed for it, and any other medications the patient is taking. A physical examination of body systems is done to assess physical structure and function, any activities or movements that exacerbate the symptoms, limit activity, or restrict participation in movement, as well as anything that helps to relieve the symptoms. The evaluation may involve provocative maneuvers or positions that increase symptoms; tests for joint flexibility and muscle strength; assessments of general mobility, posture, and core strength; evaluation of muscle tone; and tests for restrictions of movement caused by myofascial disorders. Following the history and physical, the therapist determines the patient's clinical presentation characteristics, provides a detailed explanation of the condition, identifies physical therapy treatment options, and explains how often and how long physical therapy modalities should be applied. The physical therapist will then develop a plan of care with clinical decision making based on patient assessment and/or measurable functional outcome. The plan of care may include both physical therapy in the clinic and exercises or changes in the home environment. Upon re-evaluation, the established care plan is reviewed and an interim history is taken requiring the use of standardized tests and measures. The patient's response to treatment is evaluated and the plan of care is revised based on the patient's measurable response.

Physical therapy evaluation (typically 45 minutes) [HCPCS 97163]

A physical therapy evaluation or re-evaluation is performed. The physical therapist takes a history of the current complaint including onset of symptoms, comorbidities, changes since the onset, treatment received for the symptoms or condition, medications prescribed for it, and any other medications the patient is taking. A physical examination of body systems is done to assess physical structure and function, any activities or movements that exacerbate the symptoms, limit activity, or restrict participation in movement, as well as anything that helps to relieve the symptoms. The evaluation may involve provocative maneuvers or positions that increase symptoms; tests for joint flexibility and muscle strength; assessments of general mobility, posture, and core strength; evaluation of muscle tone; and tests for restrictions of movement caused by myofascial disorders. Following the history and physical, the therapist determines the patient's clinical presentation characteristics, provides a detailed explanation of the condition, identifies physical therapy treatment options, and explains how often and how long physical therapy modalities should be applied. The physical therapist will then develop a plan of care with clinical decision making based on patient assessment and/or measurable functional outcome. The plan of care may include both physical therapy in the clinic and exercises or changes in the home environment. Upon re-evaluation, the established care plan is reviewed and an interim history is taken requiring the use of standardized tests and measures. The patient's response to treatment is evaluated and the plan of care is revised based on the patient's measurable response.

Physical therapy techniques to 1 or more regions (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97140]

Manual therapies are skilled, specific, hands-on techniques usually performed by physical therapists, occupational therapists, chiropractors, osteopaths, and/or physiatrists to diagnose and treat soft tissue and joint problems. The goal of manual therapy is to modulate pain and induce relaxation, increase range of motion (ROM), facilitate movement, function, and stability, decrease inflammation, and improve muscle tone and extensibility. Tissue mobilization involves slow, controlled myofascial stretching using deep pressure to break up fibrous muscle tissue and/or connective tissue adhesions. Manipulation is a more forceful stretching of the myofascial tissue that takes the joint just beyond its restricted barrier. Manual lymphatic drainage is a type of light massage employed to reduce swelling by gentle movement of the skin in the direction of lymphatic flow. Manual traction involves the controlled counterforce of the therapist to induce asymptomatic strain by gently stretching muscle and/or connective tissue.

Speech sound production evaluation with evaluation of language comprehension and expression [HCPCS 92523]

Disorders of speech sound production that relate to language comprehension and expression usually manifest before the age of 4 years. Mixed language disorder (receptive and expressive) may be due to brain injury, developmental problems such as autistic spectrum disorders, hearing loss and learning disorders. In receptive language disorders an individual will have problems understanding what has been said, following directions and organizing thoughts. Expressive language disorders can manifest with difficulty putting words together to form coherent sentences, word finding and the use of placeholder words such as ôumö, decreased vocabulary for age, leaving out words when speaking, improper use of tenses (past, present, future) and repetition (echoing) of phrases. Evaluation by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) should include an audiogram to assess hearing (reported separately), formal and informal observation and assessment using standardized testing tools such as Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test (REEL).

Aerosol generator, nebulizer, metered dose inhaler, or intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) device demonstration and/or evaluation for patient use [HCPCS 94664]

A patient or caregiver receives a demonstration of and training in the use of an aerosol generator, nebulizer, metered dose inhaler, or IPPB device. The effectiveness of inhaled medications is in part dependent on the proficiency of the patient or a caregiver in using the prescribed device. The delivery device is selected based on the type of medication being administered and the ability of the patient or caregiver to master use of the device. The provider, usually a respiratory therapist, demonstrates use of the device and explains in detail why and how the medication and device must be used for maximum effectiveness. The patient or caregiver is then observed as he/she uses the device. The respiratory therapist offers help and clarification on the use of the device as needed. Correct use of the device may require more than one demonstration and training session.

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask or breathing tube initiation and management for night time respiratory muscle rest [HCPCS 94660]

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation is used primarily to treat sleep apnea. It may also be prescribed to treat preterm infants whose lungs have not fully developed. CPAP uses a mask or other breathing device that fits over the nose and mouth which is connected via a tube to a CPAP device. The CPAP machine delivers an air mixture at a continuous low level of pressure. The continuous positive airway pressure keeps the airways open and prevents mechanical obstruction of the flow of air caused by relaxation and collapse of airway structures during sleep. This code is used for initial set-up and management. A durable medical device provider delivers the CPAP device and other required equipment to the home or a residential facility. The device is set up and programmed to the settings indicated by the written prescription obtained from the physician or other qualified health care professional. The patient or caregiver is instructed on correct use of the CPAP and then is asked to demonstrate understanding by placing the mask over the mouth and nose and turning on the machine.

Airway inhalation treatment to relieve airway obstruction or for sputum collection (inhaled pressure or nonpressure treatment) [HCPCS 94640]

The patient is placed on intermittent inhalation treatment for acute airway obstruction or to induce sputum production for therapeutic and/or diagnostic purposes. To treat acute airway obstruction, pressurized or nonpressurized bronchodilator medication is delivered for short intervals several times a day using an inhaler, nebulizer, aerosol generator, or an intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) device. Bronchodilator medication is suspended as fine particles within a gaseous propellant and taken into the lungs as a fine spray. The medication acts to relax the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and lung tissue, which has constricted in conditions such as an asthma attack or hypersensitivity reaction, severely restricting air flow. The patient uses the prescribed pressurized or nonpressurized inhalation device as directed by the physician typically for 10-15 minutes several times during the day. To induce sputum production for diagnostic purposes, an isotonic or hypertonic solution is delivered using a nebulizer or other device. These solutions induct secretion of sputum in the lower airways. The patient must cough to expectorate the secretions which are collected in a sterile container and sent to the laboratory for separately reportable analysis.

Abdominal cavity fluid drainage with imaging guidance [HCPCS 49083]

Abscess incision and drainage (simple procedure or single abscess) [HCPCS 10060]

This skin is cleansed and local anesthetic injected as needed. A straight or elliptical incision is made spanning the entire area of fluctuance. Any pockets of pus are opened using blunt dissection. The abscess is drained and then irrigated with sterile solution.

Blood or blood products transfusion [HCPCS 36430]

Blood and blood components include whole blood, platelets, packed red blood cells, and plasma products. Transfusions are performed to replace blood that is lost or depleted due to an injury, surgery, sickle cell disease, or treatment for a malignant neoplasm. Red blood cells are given to increase the number of blood cells that transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, platelets to control bleeding and improve blood clotting, and plasma to replace total blood volume and provide blood factors that improve blood clotting. The skin is prepped over the planned transfusion site and an intravenous line inserted. Any medication ordered by the physician is administered prior to the transfusion. The blood and/or blood components are administered. The patient is monitored during the transfusion for any signs of adverse reaction.

Blood specimen collection from a completely implantable venous access device [HCPCS 36591]

Collection of blood specimen from arterial puncture for diagnosis [HCPCS 36600]

The radial artery is the most common site for arterial puncture with alternative sites being the axillary and femoral arteries. The arterial puncture site is selected. The skin is prepped for sterile entry. The selected artery is punctured and the necessary blood samples obtained for separately reportable laboratory studies. The needle is withdrawn and pressure applied to the puncture site.

Fluid removal from chest cavity with imaging guidance [HCPCS 32555]

Gallbladder removal with x-ray study of bile ducts with endoscope [HCPCS 47563]

Indwelling bladder catheter insertion (simple) [HCPCS 51702]

A temporary indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder. This may be referred to as Foley catheterization. A catheter kit is prepared. The urethra is cleansed with antiseptic solution. A sterile Foley catheter is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. The balloon is then inflated with about 10 cc of water to keep it in place. The catheter is attached to a sterile drainage bag and urine is continuously drained from the bladder.

Large joint or joint capsule fluid removal and/or injection with needle [HCPCS 20610]

Arthrocentesis, aspiration, and/or injection of a joint or bursa is performed. Arthrocentesis and aspiration is performed to remove fluid from a joint or bursa in order to diagnose the cause of joint effusion and/or to reduce pain caused by the excess fluid. Injection of a joint or bursa may be performed in conjunction with the arthrocentesis procedure and is typically performed using an anti-inflammatory medication such as a steroid to reduce inflammation of the joint or bursa. The skin over the joint is cleansed. A local anesthetic is injected as needed. A needle with a syringe attached is inserted into the affected joint or bursa. Fluid is removed and sent for separately reportable laboratory analysis. This may be followed by a separate injection of medication into the joint or bursa.

Short arm splint application forearm to hand (non-moveable) [HCPCS 29125]

A static splint is applied to stabilize an injury by decreasing movement and providing support to the posterior aspect of the forearm, wrist, and hand. A stockinette is applied over the arm from the elbow to the wrist followed by padding over the stockinette. Plaster sheets cut to the appropriate length are then immersed in water and saturated. Excess water is gently squeezed out of the plaster. The plaster is applied to the posterior aspect of the forearm, wrist, and hand. The plaster is smoothed and molded. An elastic bandage is wrapped around the arm to secure the splint. The forearm may be placed in a sling.

Simple repair of wound of face, ears, eyelids, nose, lips and/or mouth (2.5 cm or less) [HCPCS 12011]

Simple repair of wound of scalp, neck, underarms, genitalia, trunk, arms, and/or legs (2.5 cm or less) [HCPCS 12001]

Simple repair of superficial wounds of the scalp, neck, axillae, external genitalia, trunk, and/or extremities is performed. The wound is cleansed and a local anesthetic is administered. The wound is inspected and determined to be superficial involving only the epidermis, dermis, or subcutaneous tissue without involvement of deeper tissues and without heavy contamination. A simple, one-layer closure using sutures, staples, or tissue adhesive is performed. Alternatively, chemical cautery or electrocautery may be used to treat the wound without closure.

Simple repair of wound of scalp, neck, underarms, genitalia, trunk, arms, and/or legs (2.6 to 7.5 cm) [HCPCS 12002]

Simple repair of superficial wounds of the scalp, neck, axillae, external genitalia, trunk, and/or extremities is performed. The wound is cleansed and a local anesthetic is administered. The wound is inspected and determined to be superficial involving only the epidermis, dermis, or subcutaneous tissue without involvement of deeper tissues and without heavy contamination. A simple, one-layer closure using sutures, staples, or tissue adhesive is performed. Alternatively, chemical cautery or electrocautery may be used to treat the wound without closure.

Tunneled central venous catheter insertion for infusion with implanted port beneath the skin (5 years of age or older) [HCPCS 36561]

A tunneled centrally inserted central venous catheter (CVC) with a subcutaneous port is placed. A CVC must terminate in the subclavian, brachiocephalic, or iliac veins, the superior or inferior vena cava, or right atrium. A tunneled CVC is placed through a subcutaneous tunnel into the jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein or the inferior vena cava with the most common venous access site for tunneled devices being the jugular vein. Separately reportable imaging guidance may be used to access the venous entry site and/or to manipulate the catheter tip to the final central position. Local anesthesia is administered at the planned puncture site. Using a Seldinger technique to access the jugular vein, the skin and vein are punctured with a needle. A guidewire is inserted through the needle and advanced several centimeters. A subcutaneous pocket is then created for placement of the port. A subcutaneous tunnel is created from the venous access site to the subcutaneous pocket. An introducer sheath and dilator are advanced over the guidewire and the guidewire and dilator removed. The catheter is then advanced through the tunnel to the introducer sheath in the jugular vein and into the brachiocephalic vein, subclavian vein, superior vena cava or right atrium. Placement is checked by separately reportable radiographs. The catheter and port are connected and the port is placed in the subcutaneous pocket. The incision over the venous access site is closed. The port is sutured into place and the pocket is closed.

Abdominal and pelvic CT scan without contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 74176]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans. The CT scan is then performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the abdomen and pelvis. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data which is then displayed on the monitor as two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the abdomen or pelvis. The physician reviews the data and images as they are obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail on areas of interest.

Abdominal and pelvic CT scan without contrast, followed by contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 74178]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans. The CT scan is then performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the abdomen and pelvis. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data which is then displayed on the monitor as two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the abdomen or pelvis. The physician reviews the data and images as they are obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail on areas of interest.

Abdominal aorta ultrasound for screening of abdominal aortic aneurysm [HCPCS 76706]

Abdominal CT scan with contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 74160]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the abdomen to provide detailed visualization of the tissues and organs within the abdominal area. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the abdomen. The physician reviews the images for the cause of abdominal pain, swelling, and fever; for other suspected problems such as appendicitis and kidney stones; for locating tumors, abscesses, or masses; or for evaluating the abdominal area for hernias, infections, or internal injury. The physician reviews the CT scan, notes any abnormalities, and provides a written interpretation of the findings.

Abdominal ultrasound (limited) [HCPCS 76705]

A real time abdominal ultrasound is performed with image documentation. The patient is placed supine. Acoustic coupling gel is applied to the skin of the abdomen. The transducer is pressed firmly against the skin and swept back and forth over the abdomen and images obtained. The ultrasonic wave pulses directed at the abdomen are imaged by recording the ultrasound echoes. Any abnormalities are evaluated to identify characteristics that might provide a definitive diagnosis. The physician reviews the ultrasound images of the abdomen and provides a written interpretation.

Abdominal x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 74019]

A radiologic examination of the abdomen images the internal organs, soft tissue (muscle, fat), and supporting skeleton. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures of non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of its different density and composition, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for size, shape, and position of organs, pattern of air (bowel gas), obstruction, foreign objects, and calcification in the gallbladder, urinary tract, and aorta. A radiologic examination of the abdomen may be ordered to diagnose abdominal distention and pain, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and traumatic injury; it may also be obtained as a screening exam or scout film prior to other imagining procedures. Common views of the abdomen include front to back anteroposterior (AP) with the patient lying supine or standing erect, back to front posteroanterior (PA) with the patient lying prone, lateral with the patient lying on the side, lateral decubitus anteroposterior (side lying, front to back view), lateral dorsal decubitus (lying supine, side view), oblique (anterior or posterior rotation), and coned (small collimated) views which may be used to localize and differentiate lesions, calcifications, or herniations.

Abdominal x-ray (single view) [HCPCS 74018]

A radiologic examination of the abdomen images the internal organs, soft tissue (muscle, fat), and supporting skeleton. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures of non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of its different density and composition, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for size, shape, and position of organs, pattern of air (bowel gas), obstruction, foreign objects, and calcification in the gallbladder, urinary tract, and aorta. A radiologic examination of the abdomen may be ordered to diagnose abdominal distention and pain, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and traumatic injury; it may also be obtained as a screening exam or scout film prior to other imagining procedures. Common views of the abdomen include front to back anteroposterior (AP) with the patient lying supine or standing erect, back to front posteroanterior (PA) with the patient lying prone, lateral with the patient lying on the side, lateral decubitus anteroposterior (side lying, front to back view), lateral dorsal decubitus (lying supine, side view), oblique (anterior or posterior rotation), and coned (small collimated) views which may be used to localize and differentiate lesions, calcifications, or herniations.

Abdominal x-ray, complete study including 2 or more views of abdomen and single view of chest [HCPCS 74022]

A radiologic examination of the abdomen images the internal organs, soft tissue (muscle, fat), and supporting skeleton. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures of non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of its different density and composition, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for size, shape, and position of organs, pattern of air (bowel gas), obstruction, foreign objects, and calcification in the gallbladder, urinary tract, and aorta. A radiologic examination of the abdomen may be ordered to diagnose abdominal distention and pain, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and traumatic injury; it may also be obtained as a screening exam or scout film prior to other imagining procedures.

Ankle x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 73600]

A radiologic examination of the ankle images the bones of the distal lower extremities including the tibia, fibula, and talus. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Ankle x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of lower extremity bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the ankle include front to back anteroposterior (AP), lateral (side), oblique (semi-prone position with body and leg partially rotated), and stress study with traction placed on the joint manually.

Ankle x-ray (minimum of 3 views) [HCPCS 73610]

A radiologic examination of the ankle images the bones of the distal lower extremities including the tibia, fibula, and talus. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Ankle x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of lower extremity bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the ankle include front to back anteroposterior (AP), lateral (side), oblique (semi-prone position with body and leg partially rotated), and stress study with traction placed on the joint manually.

Arm CT scan without contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 73200]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the upper extremity to provide detailed visualization of the tissues and bone structure of the arm. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of the arm can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the upper extremity. The physician reviews the CT scan, notes any abnormalities, and provides a written interpretation of the findings. The physician reviews the images to look for suspected problems with the arm such as locating tumors, abscesses, or masses; evaluating the bones for degenerative conditions, fractures, or other injury following trauma; and finding the cause of pain or swelling.

Arm x-ray of forearm (2 views) [HCPCS 73090]

A radiologic examination of the forearm is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. Frontal views, or back to front (PA) views and lateral views are necessary to show the radius and ulna and assess the extent and direction of injury. Since the radius and ulna are anatomically connected at both ends of the bones with ligaments, the two bones function in a manner that makes the forearm considered as a single unit when assessing injury. The two standard views taken for x-ray examination of the forearm include the anteroposterior (AP) view, and the lateral view.

Arm x-ray of upper arm (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 73060]

A radiologic examination of the humerus is done with a minimum of 2 views taken. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The surgical neck of the humerus is the most common site of fracture. Shaft fractures are often associated with some kind of pathological lesion. X-rays of the humerus can be taken to detect deformities or lesions in the upper arm, such as cysts, tumors, late stage infection, or other diseases as well as a broken bone. The standard views of the humerus include the front to back anteroposterior view and the side, or lateral view.

Arms or legs veins ultrasound with assessment of compression and functional maneuvers (complete, both arms or legs) [HCPCS 93970]

A vascular ultrasound study is performed to evaluate veins in the extremities. A duplex scan uses both B-mode and Doppler studies. A clear gel is placed on the skin of the extremity over the region to be studied. A B-mode transducer is placed on the skin and real-time images of the veins are obtained. A Doppler probe within the B-mode transducer provides information on the pattern and direction of blood flow in the veins. The B-mode transducer produces ultrasonic sound waves that move through the skin and bounce off the veins when the probe is moved over the region being studied. The Doppler probe produces sound waves that bounce off blood cells moving within the veins. The reflected sound waves are sent to an amplifier that makes the sound waves audible. The pitch of the sound waves changes if there is reduced blood flow, or ceases altogether if a vessel is completely obstructed. A computer converts the sound waves to images that are overlaid with colors to produce video images showing the speed and direction of blood flow as well as any obstruction. Spectral Doppler analysis is performed to provide information on anatomy and hemodynamic function. The duplex scan may include a baseline evaluation followed by additional scans obtained with compression or using other maneuvers that alter blood flow. The physician reviews the duplex scan and provides a written interpretation of findings.

Arteries and arterial grafts ultrasound of one leg (limited study) [HCPCS 93926]

A vascular ultrasound study is performed to evaluate the lower extremity arteries or arterial bypass grafts. A duplex scan uses both B-mode and Doppler studies. A clear gel is placed on the skin of the lower extremity over the region to be studied. A B-mode transducer is placed on the skin and real-time images of the arteries or arterial bypass grafts are obtained. A Doppler probe within the B-mode transducer provides information on the pattern and direction of blood flow in the artery. The B-mode transducer produces ultrasonic sound waves that move through the skin and bounce off the arteries when the probe is moved over the region being studied. The Doppler probe produces sound waves that bounce off blood cells moving within the artery. The reflected sound waves are sent to an amplifier that makes the sound waves audible. The pitch of the sound waves changes if there is reduced blood flow, or ceases altogether if a vessel is completely obstructed. A computer converts the sound waves to images that are overlaid with colors to produce video images showing the speed and direction of blood flow as well as any obstruction. Spectral Doppler analysis is performed to provide information on anatomy and hemodynamic function, including information on the presence of narrowing and plaque formation within the arteries. The physician reviews the duplex scan and provides a written interpretation of findings.

Bone density measurement of the axial skeleton (hips, pelvis, spine) [HCPCS 77080]

These codes report dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone density study. Measuring bone mass or bone mineral density (BMD) is done to diagnose for bone disease, evaluate bone disease progression, or monitor the results of treatment, particularly for osteoporosis, which puts a bone at higher risk of fracture. The radiation dose of DXA is around 1/30th of that in a standard chest x-ray. DXA involves aiming two x-ray beams of different energy levels at the bones in alternate pulses. Soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, and the BMD is determined by the bone's absorption of each beam in the projected area. The DXA scan measurement is then compared to a same sex standard of bone density at age 30, since the maximum BMD occurs at age 30 in both males and females. The difference between the measured BMD and the sex-matched, average 30-year-old standard is known as the T score. A T score between -1.0 and -2.4 diagnoses osteopenia, while a T score of -2.5 or less indicates osteoporosis.

Breast ultrasound (one breast, limited) [HCPCS 76642]

A real time ultrasound of the right or left breast is performed with image documentation, including the axillary area, when performed. Breast ultrasound is used to help diagnose breast abnormalities detected during a physical exam or on mammography. Ultrasound imaging can identify masses as solid or fluid-filled and can show additional structural features of the abnormal area and surrounding tissues. The patient is placed supine with the arm raised above the head on the side being examined. Acoustic coupling gel is applied to the breast and the transducer is pressed firmly against the skin of the breast. The transducer is then swept back and forth over the area of the abnormality and images are obtained. The ultrasonic wave pulses directed at the breast are imaged by recording the ultrasound echoes. Any abnormalities are evaluated to identify characteristics that might provide a definitive diagnosis. The physician reviews the ultrasound images of the breast and provides a written interpretation.

Chest CT scan with contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 71260]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the thorax. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and reconstructs a 3D image. Thin, cross-sectional 2D and 3D slices are then produced of the targeted organ or area. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the thorax to look for problems or disease in the lungs, heart, esophagus, soft tissue, or major blood vessels of the chest, such as the aorta. The physician reviews the images to look for suspected disease such as infection, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, aneurysms, and metastatic cancer to the chest from other areas.

Chest CT scan without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 71250]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the thorax. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and reconstructs a 3D image. Thin, cross-sectional 2D and 3D slices are then produced of the targeted organ or area. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the thorax to look for problems or disease in the lungs, heart, esophagus, soft tissue, or major blood vessels of the chest, such as the aorta. The physician reviews the images to look for suspected disease such as infection, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, aneurysms, and metastatic cancer to the chest from other areas.

Chest x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 71046]

A radiologic examination of the chest is performed. Chest radiographs (X-rays) provide images of the heart, lungs, bronchi, major blood vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vessels), and bones, (sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapula, spine). The most common views are frontal (also referred to as anteroposterior or AP), posteroanterior (PA), and lateral. To obtain a frontal view, the patient is positioned facing the x-ray machine. A PA view is obtained with the patient's back toward the x-ray machine. For a lateral view, the patient is positioned with side of the chest toward the machine. Other views that may be obtained include apical lordotic, oblique, and lateral decubitus. An apical lordotic image provides better visualization of the apical (top) regions of the lungs. The patient is positioned with the back arched so that the tops of the lungs can be x-rayed. Oblique views may be obtained to evaluate a pulmonary or mediastinal mass or opacity or to provide additional images of the heart and great vessels. There are four positions used for oblique views including right and left anterior oblique, and right and left posterior oblique. Anterior oblique views are obtained with the patient standing and the chest rotated 45 degrees. The arm closest to the x-ray cassette is flexed with the hand resting on the hip. The opposite arm is raised as high as possible. The part of the chest farthest away from the x-ray cassette is the area being studied. Posterior oblique views are typically obtained only when the patient is too ill to stand or lay prone for anterior oblique views. A lateral decubitus view is obtained with the patient lying on the side; the patient's head rests on one arm, and the other arm is raised over the head with the elbow bent. Images are recorded on hard copy film or stored electronically as digital images. The physician reviews the images, notes any abnormalities, and provides a written interpretation of the findings.

Chest x-ray (single view) [HCPCS 71045]

A radiologic examination of the chest is performed. Chest radiographs (X-rays) provide images of the heart, lungs, bronchi, major blood vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vessels), and bones, (sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapula, spine). The most common views are frontal (also referred to as anteroposterior or AP), posteroanterior (PA), and lateral. To obtain a frontal view, the patient is positioned facing the x-ray machine. A PA view is obtained with the patient's back toward the x-ray machine. For a lateral view, the patient is positioned with side of the chest toward the machine. Other views that may be obtained include apical lordotic, oblique, and lateral decubitus. An apical lordotic image provides better visualization of the apical (top) regions of the lungs. The patient is positioned with the back arched so that the tops of the lungs can be x-rayed. Oblique views may be obtained to evaluate a pulmonary or mediastinal mass or opacity or to provide additional images of the heart and great vessels. There are four positions used for oblique views including right and left anterior oblique, and right and left posterior oblique. Anterior oblique views are obtained with the patient standing and the chest rotated 45 degrees. The arm closest to the x-ray cassette is flexed with the hand resting on the hip. The opposite arm is raised as high as possible. The part of the chest farthest away from the x-ray cassette is the area being studied. Posterior oblique views are typically obtained only when the patient is too ill to stand or lay prone for anterior oblique views. A lateral decubitus view is obtained with the patient lying on the side; the patient's head rests on one arm, and the other arm is raised over the head with the elbow bent. Images are recorded on hard copy film or stored electronically as digital images. The physician reviews the images, notes any abnormalities, and provides a written interpretation of the findings.

CTA scan of chest blood vessels with contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 71275]

A computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the noncoronary vessels of the chest is performed with contrast material including image postprocessing. Noncontrast images may also be obtained and are included when performed. CTA provides images of the blood vessels using a combination of computed tomography (CT) and angiography with contrast material. When angiography is performed using CT, multiple images are obtained and processed on a computer to create detailed, two-dimensional, cross-sectional views of the blood vessels. These images are then displayed on a computer monitor. The patient is positioned on the CT table. An intravenous line is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the arm or hand. Non-contrast images may be obtained. A small dose of contrast is injected and test images are obtained to verify correct positioning. The CTA is then performed. Contrast is injected at a controlled rate and the CT table moves through the CT machine as the scanning is performed. After completion of the CTA, the radiologist reviews and interprets the CTA images of the noncoronary vessels of the chest.

CTA scan of head blood vessels with contrast to examine blood clots or aneurysms [HCPCS 70496]

A computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the head is performed with contrast material including image postprocessing. Noncontrast images may also be obtained and are included when performed. CTA provides images of the blood vessels using a combination of computed tomography (CT) and angiography with contrast material. When angiography is performed using CT, multiple images are obtained and processed on a computer to create detailed, two-dimensional, cross-sectional views of the blood vessels. These images are then displayed on a computer monitor. The patient is positioned on the CT table. An intravenous line is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the arm or hand. Non-contrast images may be obtained. A small dose of contrast is injected and test images are obtained to verify correct positioning. The CTA is then performed. Contrast is injected at a controlled rate and the CT table moves through the CT machine as the scanning is performed. After completion of the CTA, the radiologist reviews and interprets the CTA images of the head.

CTA scan of neck blood vessels with contrast to examine blood clots or aneurysms [HCPCS 70498]

A computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the neck is performed with contrast material including image postprocessing. Noncontrast images may also be obtained and are included when performed. CTA provides images of the blood vessels using a combination of computed tomography (CT) and angiography with contrast material. When angiography is performed using CT, multiple images are obtained and processed on a computer to create detailed, two-dimensional, cross-sectional views of the blood vessels. These images are then displayed on a computer monitor. The patient is positioned on the CT table. An intravenous line is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the arm or hand. Non-contrast images may be obtained. A small dose of contrast is injected and test images are obtained to verify correct positioning. The CTA is then performed. Contrast is injected at a controlled rate and the CT table moves through the CT machine as the scanning is performed. After completion of the CTA, the radiologist reviews and interprets the CTA images of the neck.

Elbow x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 73070]

A radiologic examination of the elbow is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. X-rays of the elbow are usually considered necessary to assess for fractures or dislocations when the normal range of motion for extension, flexion, supination, and pronation cannot be carried out. Most acute disruptions of the elbow joint can be diagnosed by conventional x-ray examination, with the minimum number of views including the front to back anteroposterior projection with the elbow in as full extension as possible, and the side, or lateral image taken in flexion. A complete series of images also includes an oblique view of the radial head-capitellar image to help diagnose suspected subtle fractures involving the radial head or in cases of acute pain and trauma. The patient needs to be able to hold the elbow in full extension for the front view and in 90 degree flexion for the oblique and lateral views as much as possible.

Elbow x-ray, complete study (minimum of 3 views) [HCPCS 73080]

A radiologic examination of the elbow is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. X-rays of the elbow are usually considered necessary to assess for fractures or dislocations when the normal range of motion for extension, flexion, supination, and pronation cannot be carried out. Most acute disruptions of the elbow joint can be diagnosed by conventional x-ray examination, with the minimum number of views including the front to back anteroposterior projection with the elbow in as full extension as possible, and the side, or lateral image taken in flexion. A complete series of images also includes an oblique view of the radial head-capitellar image to help diagnose suspected subtle fractures involving the radial head or in cases of acute pain and trauma. The patient needs to be able to hold the elbow in full extension for the front view and in 90 degree flexion for the oblique and lateral views as much as possible.

Esophagus x-ray with barium swallow (single contrast material swallowed) [HCPCS 74220]

Oral contrast material is swallowed and the passage of the contrast is observed fluoroscopically as it passes through the pharynx and/or esophagus. Once the lumen of the pharynx and/or esophagus is completely coated with contrast material, still radiographic images are obtained. The physician reviews the images, notes any abnormalities, and provides a written interpretation of the findings.

Facial CT scan without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 70486]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the region being studied. In this study, CT scan of the maxillofacial area is obtained. The maxillofacial area includes the forehead (frontal bone), sinuses, nose and nasal bones, jaw (maxilla and mandible). The only facial region not included in this study is the orbit. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans, after which the CT scan is performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the body region being examined. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data and renders the data in two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body region being examined. This data is displayed on a monitor. The physician reviews the data as it is being obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail of areas of interest.

Finger(s) x-ray (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 73140]

A radiologic examination of the finger(s) is done with at least 2 different projections taken. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for conditions such as fractures, interphalangeal (IP) joint dislocations, deformities, degenerative bone conditions, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, or tumors. The posteroanterior projection is taken with the palm down flat, fingers extended, and slightly apart to show the metacarpals, phalanges, and IP joints of the target finger(s). Anteroposterior views are taken with the back of the hand placed on the film and the x-ray beam going from palmar to dorsal direction. Lateral views are taken with the ulnar side of the hand on the film cassette and the fingers spread apart to avoid overlap, sometimes supported from underneath. Oblique views can be obtained with the hand placed palm down and the radial side rotated 45 degrees up away from the surface, with the fingers extended and spread apart.

Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement [HCPCS 77002]

Fluoroscopy imaging guidance for procedure (up to 1 hour) [HCPCS 76000]

Foot x-ray, complete study (minimum of 3 views) [HCPCS 73630]

A radiologic examination of the foot images the bones of the distal lower extremity and may include the tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform, metatarsals, and phalanges. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Foot x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of foot bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the foot include top to bottom dorsal planter (DP), lateral (side), oblique (semi-prone position with body and leg partially rotated), and stress study with traction placed on the joint manually.

Hand x-ray (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 73130]

A radiologic examination of the hand is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative bone conditions, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, or tumors. Hand x-rays are also used to help determine the 'bone age' of children and assess whether any nutritional or metabolic disorders may be interfering with proper development. The posteroanterior projection is taken with the palm down flat and may show not only the metacarpals, phalanges, and interphalangeal joints, but the carpal bones, radius, and ulna as well. Lateral views may be taken with the hand placed upright, resting upon the ulnar side of the palm and little finger with the thumb on top, ideally with the fingers supported by a sponge and splayed to avoid overlap. Oblique views can be obtained with the hand placed palm down and rolled slightly to the outside with the fingertips still touching the film surface. The beam is angled perpendicular to the cassette for oblique projections and aimed at the middle finger metacarpophalangeal joint.

Head and neck ultrasound [HCPCS 76536]

An ultrasound examination of soft tissues of the head and neck is performed with image documentation. The thyroid, parathyroid, or parotid glands and surrounding soft tissue may be examined. Ultrasound visualizes the body internally using sound waves far above human perception bounce off interior anatomical structures. As the sound waves pass through different densities of tissue, they are reflected back to the receiving unit at varying speeds and converted into pictures displayed on screen. A linear scanner or mechanical sector scanner is used to evaluate the shape, size, border, internal architecture, distal enhancement, color flow, and echogenicity of the soft tissue structures of the head and neck as well as any lesions or masses. The echogenicity is compared to that of the surrounding muscle tissue. The physician reviews the images and provides a written interpretation.

Head or brain CT scan without contrast, followed by contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 70470]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the region being studied. In this study, CT scan of the head or brain is performed. The patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans after which the CT scan is performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the body region being examined. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data and renders the data in two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body region being examined. This data is displayed on a monitor. The physician reviews the data as it is being obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail of areas of interest.

Hip x-ray of hip with pelvis (2 to 3 views) [HCPCS 73502]

A radiologic examination of the hip is done on either the left or the right side, which may also include the pelvis. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative bone conditions, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, infection, or tumor. Hip standard views that are taken most frequently include the front to back anteroposterior view taken with the patient lying supine and the legs straight, rotated slightly inward; the lateral ‘frog-leg’ view, taken with the hips flexed and abducted and the knees flexed with the soles of the feet placed together; a cross table view with the unaffected hip and knee flexed at a 90 degree angle out of the way and the beam aimed perpendicular to the long axis of the femur on the affected side. Another type of lateral view is taken with the hip flexed 45 degrees and abducted 45 degrees and the beam aimed perpendicular to the table.

Imaging of arm joint by MRI without contrast [HCPCS 73221]

Magnetic resonance imaging is done on a joint of the upper or lower arm. Magnetic resonance is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms in the body. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which processes the signals and converts the data into tomographic, 3D images with very high resolution. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. Small coils that help transmit and receive the radiowaves may be placed around the joint. MRI scans on joints of the upper extremity are often done for injury, trauma, unexplained pain, redness, or swelling, and freezing of a joint with loss of motion. MRI scans provide clear images of areas that may be difficult to see on CT.

Imaging of bone and/or joint (whole body) [HCPCS 78306]

Bone and/or joint imaging using scintigraphy and a radiolabeled isotope tracer may be performed on patients who have unexplained skeletal pain suggestive of bone loss, infection, inflammation, or injury and traditional radiographics (planar x-rays) have failed to provide a diagnosis. An intravenous line is established and the radiolabeled isotope tracer is injected directly into the circulatory system. When inflammation is suspected, a blood sample is drawn and centrifuged to separate white blood cells (WBCs), which are then tagged with radioactive calcium and injected back into the patient. After a prescribed period of time, the patient is positioned on the imaging table with the gamma camera over the body. Scanning is performed at specific intervals and the radioactive energy emitted is converted into an image. The physician interprets the bone and/or joint imaging study and provides a written report of the findings.

Imaging of brain by MRI without contrast [HCPCS 70551]

Magnetic resonance imaging is done on the brain. MRI is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms in the body. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which processes the signals and converts the data into tomographic, 3D images with very high resolution. MRI of the brain provides reliable information for diagnosing the presence, location, and extent of tumors, cysts, or other masses; swelling and infection; vascular disorders or malformations, such as aneurysms and intracranial hemorrhage; disease of the pituitary gland; stroke; developmental and structural anomalies of the brain; hydrocephalus; and chronic conditions and diseases affecting the central nervous system such as headaches and multiple sclerosis.

Imaging of lower spinal canal by MRI without contrast, followed by contrast [HCPCS 72158]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done on the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal canal and contents. MRI is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of nuclei within hydrogen atoms of the body. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which records the images. The computer processes the signals and coverts the data into tomographic, 3D, sectional images in slices with very high resolution. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. MRI scans of the spine are often done when conservative treatment of back/neck pain is unsuccessful and more aggressive treatments are considered or following surgery. Images are taken first without contrast and again after the administration of contrast to see the spinal area better. The physician reviews the images to look for specific information that may correlate to the patient's symptoms, such as abnormal spinal alignment; disease or injury of vertebral bodies; intervertebral disc herniation, degeneration, or dehydration; the size of the spinal canal to accommodate the cord and nerve roots; pinched or inflamed nerves; or any changes since surgery.

Imaging of scrotum by ultrasound [HCPCS 76870]

An ultrasound examination of the scrotum and its contents is a non-invasive procedure that uses a transducer probe placed firmly against the skin to deliver high frequency sound waves and create a gray scale and/or color (Doppler) image of the internal anatomy. Ultrasound may be used to detect scrotal masses/tumors and undescended testicle(s), as well as to evaluate testicular torsion, scrotal injury or trauma, hydrocele(s), varicocele(s), and male infertility. Ultrasonic conduction gel is applied to the scrotum and the transducer probe is held against the skin and swept over the area. The images produced are captured on a screen and viewed in real-time and/or saved for later analysis.

Imaging of upper spinal canal by MRI without contrast [HCPCS 72141]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done on the cervical spinal canal and contents. MRI is a noninvasive, non-radiating imaging technique that uses the magnetic properties of nuclei within hydrogen atoms of the body. The powerful magnetic field forces the hydrogen atoms to line up. Radiowaves are then transmitted within the strong magnetic field. Protons in the nuclei of different types of tissues emit a specific radiofrequency signal that bounces back to the computer, which records the images. The computer processes the signals and converts the data into tomographic, 3D, sectional images in slices with very high resolution. The patient is placed on a motorized table within a large MRI tunnel scanner that contains the magnet. MRI scans of the spine are often done when conservative treatment of back/neck pain is unsuccessful and more aggressive treatments are considered or following surgery.

Knee x-ray (1 or 2 views) [HCPCS 73560]

A radiologic examination of the knee images the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, and soft tissue. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Knee x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of lower extremity bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the knee include front to back anteroposterior (AP), lateral (side), and back to front posteroanterior (PA) with variations in the flexion of the joint, and weight bearing and non-weight bearing postures.

Knee x-ray (4 or more views) [HCPCS 73564]

A radiologic examination of the knee images the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, and soft tissue. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Knee x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of lower extremity bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the knee include front to back anteroposterior (AP), lateral (side), and back to front posteroanterior (PA) with variations in the flexion of the joint, and weight bearing and non-weight bearing postures.

Leg CT scan without contrast for injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 73700]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the lower extremity to provide detailed visualization of the tissues and bone structure of the leg. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of the leg can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the lower extremity.

Leg ultrasound of arteries and arterial grafts of both legs (complete study) [HCPCS 93925]

A vascular ultrasound study is performed to evaluate the lower extremity arteries or arterial bypass grafts. A duplex scan uses both B-mode and Doppler studies. A clear gel is placed on the skin of the lower extremity over the region to be studied. A B-mode transducer is placed on the skin and real-time images of the arteries or arterial bypass grafts are obtained. A Doppler probe within the B-mode transducer provides information on the pattern and direction of blood flow in the artery. The B-mode transducer produces ultrasonic sound waves that move through the skin and bounce off the arteries when the probe is moved over the region being studied. The Doppler probe produces sound waves that bounce off blood cells moving within the artery. The reflected sound waves are sent to an amplifier that makes the sound waves audible. The pitch of the sound waves changes if there is reduced blood flow, or ceases altogether if a vessel is completely obstructed. A computer converts the sound waves to images that are overlaid with colors to produce video images showing the speed and direction of blood flow as well as any obstruction. Spectral Doppler analysis is performed to provide information on anatomy and hemodynamic function, including information on the presence of narrowing and plaque formation within the arteries. The physician reviews the duplex scan and provides a written interpretation of findings.

Liver and bile duct system imaging with the use of oral medication [HCPCS 78227]

Hepatobiliary system nuclear imaging tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine using a radioactive tracer that highlights the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder if the gallbladder has not been surgically removed. This procedure may also be referred to as a HIDA scan which stands for hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan. The procedure is performed to evaluate liver function, specifically bile production and excretion, and to evaluate the drainage system (bile ducts) and gallbladder for obstruction, inflammation, or other abnormalities. An intravenous catheter is placed. The radioactive tracer is injected. A gamma camera travels back and forth over the abdomen and multiple images are obtained as the radioactive tracer flows through the bloodstream and is taken up by the bile-producing cells in the liver. Images are obtained continuously as the radioactive tracer, which is now contained in the bile, travels from the liver through the biliary ducts into the gallbladder, and then from the gallbladder through the common bile duct into the duodenum. The patient is monitored throughout the procedure. Upon completion, the physician reviews the images and provides a written report of findings. The procedure is performed as described above except that during the procedure additional medications are administered. These medications may be given to enhance the gallbladder images or to trigger the gallbladder to empty. The physician may also perform a test called gallbladder ejection fraction which is a measurement of the rate at which bile is released from the gallbladder.

Lower leg x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 73590]

A radiologic examination of the tibia and fibula images the bones of the distal lower extremities and may include the knee and ankle joints. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, or conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative disease, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. Tibia and fibula x-rays may also be used to determine whether there is satisfactory alignment of lower extremity bones following fracture treatment. Standard views of the tibia and fibula include front to back anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (side).

Neck CT scan of the soft tissue of the neck with contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 70491]

Computerized tomography, also referred to as a CT scan, uses special x-ray equipment and computer technology to produce multiple cross-sectional images of the region being studied. In a CT scan of the soft tissues of the neck, the patient is positioned on the CT examination table. An initial pass is made through the CT scanner to determine the starting position of the scans, after which the CT scan is performed. As the table moves slowly through the scanner, numerous x-ray beams and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around the body region being examined. The amount of radiation being absorbed is measured. As the beams and detectors rotate around the body, the table is moved through the scanner. A computer program processes the data and renders the data in two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body region being examined. This data is displayed on a monitor. The physician reviews the data as it is being obtained and may request additional sections to provide more detail of areas of interest.

Pelvis CT scan without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 72192]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the pelvis to provide detailed visualization of the organs and structures within or near the pelvis, such as kidneys, bladder, prostate, uterus, cervix, vagina, lymph nodes, and pelvic bones. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of organs within the pelvis can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the pelvis area. The physician reviews the images to gather information for specified purposes such as diagnosing or monitoring cancer, evaluating the pelvic bones for fractures or other injury following trauma, locating abscesses or masses found during physical exam, finding the cause of pelvic pain, providing more detailed information before surgery, and evaluating the patient after surgery.

Pelvis ultrasound, not pregrnancy related (complete) [HCPCS 76856]

A real time pelvic (non-obstetric) ultrasound is performed with image documentation to evaluate the uterus and cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and bladder. Conditions evaluated include pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and palpable masses, such as ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, or other pelvic masses. The patient presents with a full bladder. Acoustic coupling gel is applied to the skin of the lower abdomen. The transducer is pressed firmly against the skin and swept back and forth over the lower abdomen and images obtained of the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding pelvic structures. The ultrasonic wave pulses directed at the pelvic structures are imaged by recording the ultrasound echoes. Any abnormalities are evaluated. The physician reviews the ultrasound images and provides a written interpretation.

Pelvis x-ray (1 or 2 views) [HCPCS 72170]

A diagnostic x-ray examination of the pelvis is done. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. Bones appear white while soft tissue and fluids appear shades of grey. Pelvic x-rays are taken when the patient complains of pain and/or injury in the area of the pelvis or hip joints to assess for fractures and detect arthritis or bone disease. The patient is placed on a table and different views of the pelvis are taken by having the patient position the legs and feet differently, such as turning the feet inward to point at each other, or bending the knees outward with the soles of the feet together in a 'frog-leg' position.

Rib cage x-ray of ribs on one side of body including chest (minimum of 3 views) [HCPCS 71101]

Rib radiographs (x-rays) are typically obtained following trauma to the rib cage to determine if fractures or other internal injuries are present. The most common views of the ribs are anteroposterior (AP) (frontal) and oblique. There are four positions used for oblique views: right anterior oblique, left anterior oblique, right posterior oblique, and left posterior oblique. Anterior oblique views are obtained with the patient standing and the chest rotated 45 degrees. The arm closest to the x-ray cassette is flexed with the hand resting on the hip. The opposite arm is raised as high as possible. The part of the chest farthest away from the x-ray cassette is the area that is being studied. Posterior oblique views are typically obtained only when the patient is too ill to stand or lay prone for anterior oblique views.

Shoulder x-ray, complete study (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 73030]

A radiologic examination of the shoulder is done. The shoulder is the junction of the humeral head and the glenoid of the scapula. Standard views include the anteroposterior (AP) view and the lateral 'Y' view, named because of the Y shape formed by the scapula when looking at it from the side. An axial view can also be obtained for further assessment when the patient is able to hold the arm in abduction. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures.

Spinal CT scan of lower spine without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 72131]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the lumbar spine. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of the spine can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the lumbar spine. The physician reviews the images to look for suspected problems with the spine such as bone disease, and evaluate for fractures or other injuries as well as birth defects of the spine in children.

Spinal CT scan of middle spine without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 72128]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the thoracic spine. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of the spine can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the thoracic spine. The physician reviews the images to look for suspected problems with the spine such as bone disease, and evaluate for fractures or other injuries as well as birth defects of the spine in children.

Spinal CT scan of upper spine without contrast to examine injury, foreign bodies, or tumors [HCPCS 72125]

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is done on the cervical spine. CT uses multiple, narrow x-ray beams aimed around a single rotational axis, taking a series of 2D images of the target structure from multiple angles. Contrast material is used to enhance the images. Computer software processes the data and produces several images of thin, cross-sectional 2D slices of the targeted organ or area. Three-dimensional models of the spine can be created by stacking multiple, individual 2D slices together. The patient is placed inside the CT scanner on the table and images are obtained of the cervical spine.

Spinal x-ray of lower and sacral spine (2 or 3 views) [HCPCS 72100]

A radiologic exam is done of the lumbosacral spine. Frontal, posteroanterior, and lateral views are the most common projections taken. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures.

Spinal x-ray of middle spine (3 views) [HCPCS 72072]

A radiologic exam is done of the thoracic spine. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. X-rays are taken of the thoracic spine to evaluate for back pain or suspected disease or injury. Films are taken from differing views that commonly include anteroposterior, lateral, posteroanterior, and a swimmer's view for the upper thoracic spine in which the patient reaches up with one arm and down with the other as if taking a swimming stroke.

Spinal x-ray of upper spine (2 or 3 views) [HCPCS 72040]

A radiologic exam is done of the cervical spine. Anteroposterior and lateral views are the most common projections taken. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures.

Spinal x-ray of upper spine (4 or 5 views) [HCPCS 72050]

A radiologic exam is done of the cervical spine. Anteroposterior and lateral views are the most common projections taken. X-ray uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures.

Thighbone x-ray (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 73552]

A radiologic examination of the femur is done between the hip and the knee. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for the cause of pain, limping, or swelling, conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, degenerative bone conditions, osteomyelitis, arthritis, foreign body, and cysts or tumors. X-rays may also be used to determine whether the femur is in satisfactory alignment following fracture treatment. Femur standard views that are taken most frequently include the front to back anteroposterior view and the lateral view from the side.

Ultrasound application to 1 or more areas (each 15 minutes) [HCPCS 97035]

Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves applied to produce heat and/or vibration to promote the circulation, reduce inflammation, and improve the flexibility of connective tissue. A water-soluble gel is applied to the site to be treated. A hand-held device is used to deliver the sound waves. The device is moved over the site using a circular motion. Ultrasound is helpful in treating acute soft tissue injures. Ultrasound is a physical therapy modality that requires constant attendance with direct (one-on-one) patient contact. Ultrasound is a time-based service reported in 15-minute increments.

Wrist x-ray (2 views) [HCPCS 73100]

A radiologic examination of the wrist is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, arthritis, foreign body, infection, or tumor. Wrist standard views include the front to back anteroposterior (AP) or back to front posteroanterior (PA) projection; the lateral view with the elbow flexed and the hand and wrist placed thumb up; and oblique views. Oblique views are obtained with the hand and wrist either supinated or pronated with the hand slightly flexed so the carpal target area lies flat, and then rotating the wrist 45 degrees externally or internally. A more specialized image may be obtained for assessing carpal tunnel. For the carpal tunnel view, the forearm is pronated with the palm down, and the wrist is hyperextended as far as possible by grasping the fingers with the opposite hand and gently hyperextending the joint until the metacarpals and fingers are in a near vertical position.

Wrist x-ray, complete study (minimum of 3 views) [HCPCS 73110]

A radiologic examination of the wrist is done. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. The radiographs may be taken to look for conditions such as fractures, dislocations, deformities, arthritis, foreign body, infection, or tumor. Wrist standard views include the front to back anteroposterior (AP) or back to front posteroanterior (PA) projection; the lateral view with the elbow flexed and the hand and wrist placed thumb up; and oblique views. Oblique views are obtained with the hand and wrist either supinated or pronated with the hand slightly flexed so the carpal target area lies flat, and then rotating the wrist 45 degrees externally or internally. A more specialized image may be obtained for assessing carpal tunnel. For the carpal tunnel view, the forearm is pronated with the palm down, and the wrist is hyperextended as far as possible by grasping the fingers with the opposite hand and gently hyperextending the joint until the metacarpals and fingers are in a near vertical position.

X-ray of sacrum and tailbone (minimum of 2 views) [HCPCS 72220]

A radiologic examination of the sacrum and coccyx is done with at least 2 views obtained. X-ray imaging uses indirect ionizing radiation to take pictures inside the body. X-rays work on non-uniform material, such as human tissue, because of the different density and composition of the object, which allows some of the x-rays to be absorbed and some to pass through and be captured behind the object on a detector. This produces a 2D image of the structures. Routine views include an anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) view of the sacrum, an AP or PA view of the coccyx, and lateral sacrum/coccyx views. For the sacral view, the patient's pelvis needs to be positioned correctly so the sacrum and sacroiliac joints are symmetrical. Because the coccyx has a forward curvature in relation to the sacrum, it is not automatically visualized when taking an AP view of the sacrum, and so another positioning is done for the coccyx. For lateral views, the patient stands sideways with feet shoulder width apart and arms crossed at the shoulders. Lateral imaging shows the entire 5th lumbar vertebra, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Good sacrum and coccyx imaging requires patient preparation with an empty bladder, clean colon, and removal of clothing in favor of wearing a gown. This is due to the difficulty these obstructions can cause in achieving a good radiographic image. Shielding is done for males, but is not possible for female patients.

Abnormal or Irregular Heartbeat with complications

Abnormal or Irregular Heartbeat without complications

Acute myocardial infarction, discharged alive with major complications

Cardiac arrhythmia & conduction disorders with major complications

Heart failure & shock without complications

Heart Failure with complications

Heart Failure with major complications

Hypertension without major complications

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with complications

Major small & large bowel procedures with complications

Major small & large bowel procedures without complications

Anemia or other red blood cell disorders without complications

Blood Infection with major complications

Blood infection without major complications

Diabetes with complications

Digestive System Bleeding with complications

Disorders of pancreas except malignancy with complications

Disorders of pancreas except malignancy without complications

Dysequilibrium

G.I. hemorrhage with major complications

G.I. hemorrhage without complications

G.I. obstruction with complications

G.I. obstruction without complications

General symptoms of illness such as fever, pain, shortness of breath

Infection of the skin

Major gastrointestinal disorders & peritoneal infections with complications

Nutritional or Metabolic Disorders without major complications

Other digestive system diagnoses with complications

Other digestive system diagnoses with major complications

Signs & symptoms with major complications

Stomach Disorder without complications

Degenerative nervous system disorders without complications

Intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction without complications

Nonspecific cerebrovascular disorders with major complications

Other disorders of nervous system with complications

Other disorders of nervous system with major complications

Stroke with complications

Stroke with major complications

Transient ischemia

Respiratory neoplasms with complications

Respiratory neoplasms with major complications

Fractures of hip & pelvis without major complications

Fractures of hip, pelvis & thigh without major complications

Medical back problems without major complications

Pathological fractures & musculoskelet & conn tiss malig with compications

Tendonitis, myositis & bursitis without major complications

Alcohol or Drug Abuse without rehab or major complications

Chronic Lung Disease with complications

Chronic Lung Disease with major complications

Chronic Lung Disease without complications

Major chest trauma with complications

Pneumonia with complications

Pneumonia with major complications

Pneumonia without complications

Pulmonary embolism without major complications

Respiratory Failure

Respiratory infections & inflammations without complications

Respiratory infections and inflammations with major complications

Respiratory signs & symptoms

Ventilator support for 4 days or less

Kidney & urinary Infection with major complications

Kidney & urinary Infection without complications

Kidney failure with complications

Kidney failure with major complications

Other kidney & urinary tract diagnoses with complications

Renal failure without complications